<p>The Tualatin Mountains  are a range of hills on the western border of Multnomah County, Oregon, United States. A spur of the Northern Oregon Coast Range, they separate the Tualatin Basin of Washington County, Oregon, from the Portland Basin of western Multnomah County and Clark County, Washington.</p><br>
<p>The highest peak in the range is Cornell Mountain at 1,270 ft. Other notable peaks include Council Crest at 1,073 ft, and Pittock Hill, location of the Pittock Mansion.</p><br>
<p>The hills date from the late Cenozoic era, and range up to over 1,000 ft. Composed mainly of basalt, the mountains were formed by several flows of the Grande Ronde basalt flows that were part of the larger Columbia River basalts. Human settlement goes back 10,000 years to the area&#39;s earliest known residents, the Chinook people.</p><br>
<p>Despite steep slopes, periodic landslides, and multiple earthquake faults, many residences have been built in the Tualatin Mountains, though much of the northern portion is undeveloped land within the 5,000 acre Forest Park. The landscape, inside and outside the park, is predominantly forested.</p><br>
<p>USA Route 26 (the Sunset Highway) is the principal transportation link through the hills, traveling through the Vista Ridge Tunnel, Tanner Creek Canyon, and over the crest of Sylvan Hill. This route through the hills connecting the agricultural Tualatin Basin to the navigable Willamette River was developed as a plank road in the 19th century. The Great Plank Road (Canyon/Jefferson Road) was a major factor in the early growth of the city of Portland.</p><br>
<p>Since 1998, the west side MAX Light Rail has run roughly parallel to US 26 through the hills, including a section tunneled deep underground.</p><br>
<p>Allaire Village is a living history museum located within New Jerseys Allaire State Park in Wall Township, Monmouth County, New Jersey. The village was originally established as a bog iron furnace known as the Howell Works, which the companys owner, philanthropist James P. Allaire, endeavoured to turn into a self-contained community. Allaire Village and its existing buildings are now operated by a non-profit organization - Allaire Village, Inc. Historic interpreters work using period tools and equipment in the blacksmith, tinsmith, and carpentry shops, while the old bakery sells cookies, and general store serves as a museum store. The church building is frequently used for weddings.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Allaire Village&#39;s is the history of a particular geological formation and the man who was drawn to it because of his business needs. In the course of his ownership, James Peter Allaire created a thriving community centered on the bog iron industry, known as Howell Works, which was just one of his business concerns. Allaire owned a marine steam engineering plant in New York City, the Allaire Iron Works, a steam packet line and various steamships that, together, gave him the resources to control his business from the raw materials to the finished product. The Historic Allaire Village that remains today reflects the ideals of James P, Allaire and of the industrial era that flourished between the end of the War of 1812 and the years just before the American Civil War.</p><br>
<p>The rise and fall of Allaire’s business enterprises encompasses the period from 1822 to 1855, commonly referred to as the Jacksonian Era, during which began industrialization and mechanization on a large scale, and the rise of urban and rural industrial communities, reform movements such as temperance, anti-slavery, free churches and free schools. Through Allaire’s constant search for financing and capital the difficult economic times can be felt, particularly the Panic of 1837, the first economic depression to disrupt this nation’s economy.</p><br>
<p>During the War of 1812, an embargo on British products and goods caused businessmen like Allaire much difficulty in procuring the resources needed for America’s fledgling industrial base. For Allaire, the embargo created a scarcity of iron stock necessary for his manufacturing operations and led him to look at acquiring a satisfactory means of assuring a steady, inexpensive supply of raw materials.</p><br>
<p>What initially interested Allaire in the property now known as Historic Allaire Village was the presence of significant quantities of bog iron ore. This bog ore, so called because of its formation in marshes and swampy areas, was a valuable resource in America before the discovery of vast iron ore deposits in the mountains of Northern New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Unlike the latter ore, bog ore is easily accessible and requires no deep shaft or strip mining to extract it.</p><br>
<p>Bog ore is a renewable resource when mined and utilized with care. It is produced when rain water leaches out humic and tannic acids and reacts with carbon dioxide, which is produced as a part of the natural life-cycle of microorganisms in the soil. Part of this leachate consists of iron particles from deeper in the soil. As the water passes through these areas of loamy soil, also called marl, it deposits a solution of iron carbonate which rises up to the surface. This iron carbonate then combines with the surface soil and, over time, hardens into a solid mass. This process only takes about 25 to 35 years, making it an ideal, almost perpetual resource for industry but only if treated with respect. If the ore bed is left undeveloped and unpolluted, the beds can be mined indefinitely farther south in New Jersey. The operators of furnaces were forced to purchase ore from Staten Island, New York, because the ore beds had been over-mined.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>Deserted in 1846, the property occasionally saw residents and had one cottage briefly restored as the "Delisle Inn&quot but sat largely unused until the late 1920s. Starting in 1929, 800 acres of the area that had become known as the "Deserted Village" was rented to the Monmouth County Boy Scouts for summer camping. The camp was called "Camp Burton at Allaire". When the Boy Scouts took over the area, the abandoned buildings were quite dilapidated. The Boy Scouts partnered with other organizations for the initial restoration of many of the structures. For example, the Asbury Park Kiwanis club helped with the general store restoration; the Foreman&#39;s cottage was restored by St. James Church in Red Bank (it served as the first aid hut during camping and programs); the Belmar Kiwanis club set up an athletic field. The camp sites were also open to other organizations such as the Girl Scouts, 4-H, Masons, and others. Following the Death of Arthur Brisbane, the council lost the use of the property and the 1940 season was the last season. A plaque can be found on the side of the General Store giving a salute to the BSA program during this time frame.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1940s, the property was gifted to the state for development into a recreational park. Due to lack of restoration funds, the state of New Jersey made a 25-year lease to a non-profit called the "Deserted Village of Allaire" to allow them to start restoration in the mid 50&#39;s. The buildings and property sat idle till restoration funds became available in 1957. At that point, the property had again become overrun with vegetation and buildings were in dis-repair. Although the restoration of the Village is not yet complete, the buildings that remain, the interpretive programs based on a multitude of available primary records, and even the landscape make Allaire Village a rare resource. Through them, visitors are able to experience and better understand the forces that shaped New Jersey’s industrial power in the early 19th century.</p><br>
<p>Great North Mountain is a 50 mi long mountain ridge within the Ridge-and-valley Appalachians in the USA states of Virginia and West Virginia. The ridge is located west of the Shenandoah Valley and Massanutten Mountain in Virginia, and east of the Allegheny Mountains and Cacapon River in West Virginia.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Great North Mountain is oriented along a northeast-southwest axis from its southern terminus along the North Fork Shenandoah River in Rockingham County, Virginia to its northern terminus at USA Route 522 in Frederick County, Virginia. In the south, the initial 7 mi of the ridge is known Church Mountain. For much of its length, the mountain forms the border between Virginia and West Virginia, in two separate stretches; starting 7 mi north of its southern terminus at the border of Hardy County, West Virginia, Rockingham County, Virginia and Shenandoah County, Virginia for 26 mi with a 4.5 mi break where the border shifts east to Paddy Mountain around Wilson Cove, followed by an additional 14 mi stretch to the north.</p><br>
<p>The ridge reaches its greatest elevation, 3,293 ft, at the peak of Mill Mountain, on the border between Hardy County, West Virginia, and Shenandoah County, Virginia, in the George Washington National Forest. The mountain is crossed by USA Route 48 and West Virginia and Virginia routes 55 between Wardensville, West Virginia, and Strasburg, Virginia.</p><br>
<h2>Variant names</h2><br>
<p>According to the Geographic Names Information System, Great North Mountain has been known by the following names:</p><br>
<p>Big North Mountain</p><br>
<p>Greater North Mountain</p><br>
<p>Greater North Mountains</p><br>
<p>North Mountain</p><br>
<p>North Mountains</p><br>
<p>The Board on Geographic Names handed down two official decisions concerning the mountain&#39;s name in the years 1941 and 1967. In 1941, the board decided upon the name Big North Mountain and in 1967, it chose Great North Mountain. Both of these name changes were made in order to differentiate the mountain from North Mountain to the north.</p><br>
<h2>Local Sites of Interest</h2><br>
<p>Part of Great North Mountain is within the George Washington National Forest, which offers many hiking and hunting trails, such as the Seven Springs trail, and those leading to an overlook on Big Schloss, a peak in the area.</p><br>
<p>The small town of Orkney Springs, Virginia, near the mountain, is the home of Shrine Mont, the Cathedral Shrine of the Episcopal Diocese of Virginia. This includes the Shrine Mont Hotel (the Virginia House), the Shrine itself, and the labyrinth.</p><br>
<p>Dunaverty Castle is located at Southend at the southern end of the Kintyre peninsula in western Scotland. The site was once a fort belonging to the Clan Donald . Little remains of the castle, although the site is protected as a scheduled monument.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The remains of Dunaverty Castle stand on a rocky head land on the south east corner of Kintyre, Scotland. The headland it was built on forms a natural stronghold with the sea on three sides and is only approachable from the north. It is attached to the mainland only by a narrow path. It is known that the castle itself was accessed by a drawbridge.</p><br>
<h3>13th century</h3><br>
<p>In 1248, Henry III, King of England allowed Walter Byset to buy stores from Ireland for Dunaverty Castle which he had seized and was fortifying, apparently in revenge for hospitality given by Alexander II, King of Scotland to certain English pirates. However during that same year the castle was taken by Allan, the son of the Earl of Atholl, and Byset was taken prisoner.</p><br>
<p>In 1263, Dunaverty Castle was garrisoned by Alexander III, King of Scotland during the Norwegian campaign of Hákon Hákonarson, King of Norway.</p><br>
<p>The castle was eventually surrendered to the Norwegian king, who in turn granted it to Dubhghall mac Ruaidhrí, one of his steadfast supporters in the Hebrides. With the evaporation of Norwegian sovereignty in the Hebrides after 1263, Alexander III appears to have retaken the castle.</p><br>
<h3>14th century</h3><br>
<p>Late in 1306, the embattled Robert I, King of Scotland seems to have fled to the safety of Dunaverty Castle. According to The Bruce, the king was harboured there for three days by Aonghus Óg Mac Domhnaill, before sailing off to Rathlin Island. Contemporary sources reveal that the castle was already under the king&#39;s control, however, and that the king acquired it from a certain Maol Coluim in March. In September of that year, the castle fell to an English siege, and the Scottish king was not to be found.</p><br>
<h3>15th century</h3><br>
<p>In 1493 the fourth and last Lord of the Isles forfeited his title to James IV, King of Scotland. By 1494 the king had garrisoned and provisioned Dunaverty Castle. It is said that the MacDonalds. led by Sir John MacDonald who the king had recently knighted, retook the castle before the King had even departed to Stirling and that the dead body of the King&#39;s castle governor was hung over the castle walls in sight of the King and his departing entourage. Sir John Macdonald however was later captured by MacIain of Ardnamurchan. He was tried and hanged on the Burgh Muir near Edinburgh.</p><br>
<h3>16th century</h3><br>
<p>The castle was repaired by the crown between 1539 and 1542. In January 1544, a Commission in Queen Mary&#39;s name was given to the captain, constable and keeper of the Castle of Dunaverty, to deliver it with its artillery and ammunition to the Earl of Argyll and in April of that year Argyll received a 12-year tack of North and South Kintyre, including the castle. The castle was attacked by the in 1588 but no damage was done.</p><br>
<h3>17th century</h3><br>
<p>In 1626, the Lordship of Kintyre was reconstituted in favour of the Earl of Argyll and Dunaverty Castle was denoted as its principal messuage. Argyll bestowed the Lordship of Kintyre on James, his eldest son by his second marriage, who, in 1635, at Dunaverty, granted a charter of the Lordship to Viscount Dunluce, eldest son of Randal MacDonnell, 1st Earl of Antrim. The transfer was set aside by the Scottish Privy Council, no doubt on a complaint by Argylls eldest son, the Marquis of Lorn, who had bitterly resented his fathers bestowal of the Lordship on his younger half-brother. On 12 December 1636, Lorn received a charter, under the Great Seal, of the Lordship of Kintyre, with the Castle of Dunaverty as its principal messuage.</p><br>
<p>During the Civil War Dunaverty was besieged in 1647 by Scottish supporters of Oliver Cromwell who were led by General David Leslie (Leslie later became a Royalist). The MacDonalds surrendered and then 300 of them were massacred. This incident became known as the Battle of Dunaverty, or "Dunaverty Massacre". The castle is nothing more than a ruin now, known as Blood Rock for the massacre which took place there.</p><br>
<p>The Spruce Creek Mound Complex is a prehistoric and early historic archeological site in Port Orange, Florida. The mound complex, major earthworks built out of earth and shell middens, was constructed by ancient indigenous peoples. It is located near Port Orange, on the southwest bank of Spruce Creek. On December 3, 1990, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Spruce Creek Mound, located on a bluff above the river, was still tall enough during early colonial years to be used by travelers as a point of navigation. It was used as a ceremonial center and burial mound, and was believed to have been built from 500-1000 AD. The mound was added to over centuries, with layers of burials built upon each other.</p><br>
<p>At the time of European encounter, the site was used by Timucuan natives. They had harvested and eaten so much local shellfish, which comprised the bulk of their diet, that they left large shell middens. The site also has historic European artifacts from the early colonial period (1550-1700 AD). This suggests it was one of the villages visited by Spanish explorers, traders and/or colonists.</p><br>
<p>Steeple is a fell in the English Lake District. It is situated in the mountainous area between Ennerdale and Wasdale and reaches a height of 819 metres . Steeple is really part of Scoat Fell, being just the rocky northern projection of that fell. However, because of its prominent peak and steep crags it has earned the reputation of being a separate fell. The Lake District writer Alfred Wainwright rated Steeple and its name very highly saying, “Seen on a map, it commands the eye and quickens the pulse, seen in reality it does the same“.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>Steeple’s close proximity to Scoat Fell robs it of being one of the best fells in the area; the two fells are linked by the Steeple arête with a lowest height of 798 metres. The arête is stony and loose underfoot due to erosion and it is better to stick to the firmer rock along the crest. Scoat Fell is only 22 metres higher than Steeple but the short distance between them means that the higher dominates the lower significantly.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>Steeple can be ascended from Wasdale or Ennerdale; it is usually climbed in conjunction with other nearby fells such as Pillar, Scoat Fell and Red Pike as part of the Mosedale Horseshoe walk. It can be climbed directly from Ennerdale by a public footpath that leaves the valley at grid reference and goes south through the forest to reach the open fell and climbs the north ridge of Steeple to reach the summit.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>The top of the fell is a sharp peak with hardly room for a cairn. In fact there is room for only a few people and often there is a queue to stand at the highest point. The ground falls away sharply on all sides especially to Windgap Cove to the east. The view is limited by higher fells to the south and east but there is an excellent view of Ennerdale Water and an opportunity to examine the nearby cliffs and hollows of Mirk and Mirklin Coves.</p><br>
<p>Josephs Tomb  is a funerary monument located at the eastern entrance to the valley that separates Mounts Gerizim and Ebal, 300 metres northwest of Jacobs Well, on the outskirts of the West Bank city of Nablus, near Tell Balata, the site of Shakmu in the Late Bronze Age and later biblical Shechem. One biblical tradition identifies the general area of Shechem as the resting-place of the biblical patriarch Joseph, and his two sons Ephraim and Manasseh. Multiple locations over the years have been viewed as the legendary burial place of Joseph.</p><br>
<p>Josephs tomb has been venerated throughout the ages by Samaritans, for whom it is the second holiest site, by Jews, by Christians, and by Muslims, some of who view it as the location of a local medieval sheik Yusef Al-Dwaik. Post-biblical records regarding the location of Josephs Tomb somewhere around this area date from the beginning of the 4th-century AD. The present structure, a small rectangular room with a cenotaph, dates from 1868, and is devoid of any trace of ancient building materials. While some scholars, such as Kenneth Kitchen and James K. Hoffmeier affirm the essential historicity of the biblical account of Joseph, others, such as Donald B. Redford, argue that the story itself has ‘no basis in fact’.</p><br>
<p>There is no archaeological evidence establishing the tomb as Josephs, and modern scholarship has yet to determine whether or not the present cenotaph is to be identified with the ancient biblical gravesite. The lack of Jewish or Christian sources prior to the 5th century that mention the tomb indicates that prior to the 4th century it was a Samaritan site. Samaritan sources tell of struggles between Samaritans and Christians who wished to remove Josephs bones.</p><br>
<p>At key points in its long history, a site thought to be Josephs Tomb in this area witnessed intense sectarian conflict. Samaritans and Christians disputing access and title to the site in the early Byzantine period often engaged in violent clashes. Though it fell under the jurisdiction of the Palestinian National Authority (PNA) following the signing of the Oslo Accords, it remained under IDF guard with Muslims prohibited from praying there. At the beginning of the Al-Aqsa Intifada in 2000, just after being handed over to the PNA, it was looted and razed by rioting Palestinian. Following the reoccupation of Nablus during Israels Operation Defensive Shield in 2002, Jewish groups returned there intermittently. Between 2009 and 2010 the structure was refurbished, with a new cupola installed, and visits by Jewish worshippers have resumed.</p><br>
<h2>Early traditions</h2><br>
<h3>Biblical source and early religious traditions</h3><br>
<p>The Torah provides four details regarding the traditions surrounding Joseph’s remains. The account in Genesis relates that, before his death, he had his brothers swear they would carry his bones out of Egypt to Canaan. He is then said to have been embalmed then placed in a coffin in Egypt. In Exodus, we are told that Moses fulfilled the pledge by taking Joseph&#39;s bones with him when he left Egypt. In Joshua, Joseph’s bones are said to have been brought from Egypt by the Children of Israel and interred in Shechem.The bones of Joseph, which the Children of Israel brought up out of Egypt, were buried in Shechem in a parcel of land Jacob bought from the sons of Hamor, father of Shechem, for a hundred pieces of silver (qśîṭâ).</p><br>
<p>The Bible does not identify a specific site in Shechem where his bones were laid to rest. The Genesis Rabba, a Jewish text written c. 400–450 CE, states that a burial site in Shechem is one of three for which the nations of the world cannot ridicule Israel and say "you have stolen them," it having been purchased by Jacob. The rabbis also suggest that Joseph instructed his brothers to bury him in Shechem since it was from there he was taken and sold into slavery. Other Jewish sources have him buried either in Safed, or, according to an aggadic tradition, have him interred at Hebron according to his own wishes. The Hebron tradition is also reflected in some medieval Christian sources, such as the account by Srewulf (CE 1102) who says that the bones of Joseph were buried more humbly than the rest, as it were at the extremity of the castle.</p><br>
<h3>Modern scholarship on the narrative of Joseph’s bones</h3><br>
<p>Though the traditional biblical date for the narrative of Joseph’s life and death places him in Egypt in the middle of the Twelfth Dynasty, roughly comparable to the Hyksos invasion of Egypt, contemporary scholarship no longer accepts such a remote dating. The figure of Joseph itself is often taken to be a ‘personification of a tribe’, rather than an historic person.</p><br>
<p>According to the Bible, Joseph was embalmed and buried in a coffin in Egypt, after having his people swear to carry his bones away. Later midrash identify his first entombment in a royal mausoleum, or as cast into the Nile. Moses is said to have gathered the bones and taken them with him during the Exodus from Egypt, using magic to raise the coffin, a tradition repeated by Josephus, who specifies that they were buried in Canaan at that time.Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews 2:200–201: ‘At length his brethren died, after they had lived happily in Egypt. Now the posterity and sons of these men after some time carried their bodies, and buried them at Hebron. But as to the bones of Joseph, they carried them into the land of Canaan afterwards, when the Hebrews went out of Egypt’ (tr. William Whiston).</p><br>
<p>τελευτῶσι δ’ αὐτοῦ καὶ οἱ ἀδελφοὶ ζήσαντες εὐδαιμόνως ἐπὶ τῆς Αἰγύπτου. καὶ τούτων μὲν τὰ σώματα κομίσαντες μετὰ χρόνον οἱ ἀπόγονοι καὶ οἱ παῖδες ἔθαψαν ἐν Νεβρῶνι*, τὰ δὲ Ἰωσήπου ὀστᾶ ὕστερον, ὅτε μετανέστησαν ἐκ τῆς Αἰγύπτου οἱ Ἑβραῖοι, εἰς τὴν Χαναναίαν ἐκόμισαν• (2.200–201).</p><br>
<p>ἐν Νεβρῶνι in Nebron is written in the best manuscripts (R=Paris Codex Regius Parisinus, and O=Codex Oxoniensis (Bodleianus), miscell. graec. 186, collectively known as RO), and is the reading defended by Josephus&#39;s editor Benedikt Niese. This is often emended to ἐν Χεβρῶνι (in Χεβρῶν/Hebron), the reading conserved by inferior manuscripts which are influenced by the Septuagint. Regarding his burial in Canaan, from Joshua it is evident that the portion Joseph received was an allotment near Shechem, not the town itself.</p><br>
<p>The majority of contemporary scholars believe the historicity of the events in the Joseph story cannot be demonstrated. In the wake of scholars like Hermann Gunkel, Hugo Gressmann and Gerhard von Rad, who identified the story of Joseph as primarily a literary composition, it is now widely considered to belong to the genre of romance, or the novella. As a novella it is read as reworking legends and myths, many of them, especially the motifs of his reburial in Canaan, associated with the Egyptian god Osiris, though some compare the burial of his bones at Shechem with the disposal of Dionysus’s bones at Delphi. The reworked legends and folklore were probably inserted into the developing textual tradition of the Bible between the 8th and 6th centuries BCE. Most scholars place its composition in a genre that flourished in the Persian period of the Exile.</p><br>
<p>For Schenke, the tradition of Josephs burial at Shechem can only be understood as a secondary, Israelitic historical interpretation woven around a more ancient Canaanite shrine in that area. Wright has indeed argued that, the patriarch Joseph was not an Israelite hero who became Egyptianised, but an Egyptian divinity who was Hebraised.&#39;</p><br>
<h3>Schenke's hypothesis</h3><br>
<p>Hans-Martin Schenke, starting from an analysis of, in which Jesus encounters a Samaritan woman at the town Sychar, made an extensive analysis of the ancient sources, together with an examination of the site. The curiosity of the Gospel text for scholars lies in the mention of an otherwise unattested town in the field, and the failure of the text to refer to Josephs Tomb, despite mentioning the field Jacob allotted to Joseph, and Jacobs well. In Schenkes view, from the beginning of the Hellenistic period down to the 1st century CE, when the author of Johns gospel was presumably writing, the grave commemorating Joseph stood by Jacobs Well. This grave was shifted, together with the sacred tree and Jacobs field, sometime between that date and the earliest testimony we have in the Bordeaux itinerary in 333 CE., which locates it elsewhere, by Shechem/Tel Balāṭa.</p><br>
<h2>History of the identification and use of the site</h2><br>
<h3>Pilgrim accounts</h3><br>
<p>The Itinerarium Burdigalense (333 CE) notes: ‘At the foot of the mountain itself, is a place called Sichem. Here is a tomb in which Joseph is laid, in the parcel of ground which Jacob his father gave to him." Eusebius of Caesarea in the 4th-century records in his Onomasticon: "Suchem, city of Jacob now deserted. The place is pointed out in the suburb of Neapolis. There the tomb of Joseph is pointed out nearby." Jerome, writing of Saint Paulas sojourn in Palestine writes that turning off the way (from Jacobs well), she saw the tombs of the twelve patriarchs Jerome himself, together with the Byzantine monk George Syncellus, who had lived many years in Palestine, wrote that all twelve patriarchs, Joseph included, were buried at Sychem.</p><br>
<p>Both Theodosius I and Theodosius II ordered a search for Joseph’s bones, much to the utter dismay of the Samaritan community. An imperial commission was dispatched to retrieve the bones of the Patriarchs around 415 CE, and on failing to obtain them at Hebron, sought to at least secure Joseph’s bones from Shechem. No gravestone marked the exact site, possibly because the Samaritans had removed one to avoid Christian interference. The officials had to excavate the general area where graves abound and, on finding an intact marble sepulchre beneath an empty coffin, concluded that it must contain Joseph’s bones, and sent the sarcophagus to Byzantium, where it was incorporated into Hagia Sophia.</p><br>
<p>Jerome reports that apparently the Christians had intended to remove Joseph&#39;s bones to their city, but a column of fire rose skyward from the tomb scaring them away. The Samaritans subsequently covered the tomb with earth rendering it inaccessible.</p><br>
<p>Christian pilgrim and archdeacon Theodosius (518–520) in his De situ terrae sanctae mentions that close to Jacobs Well are the remains of Joseph the Holy. The Madaba Mosaic Map (6th century) designates a site somewhat problematically with the legend – Josephs (τὸ τοῦ Ὶωσήφ) – where the usual adjective holy (hagios) accompanying mentions of saints and their shrines is lacking.</p><br>
<p>Crusader and medieval sources generally are, according to Hans-Martin Schenke, highly misleading regarding exactly where the tomb was situated. He concluded that in the Middle Ages, as earlier, various groups (Jews, Samaritans, Christians and Moslems) at different periods identified different things in different places all as Joseph’s tomb Sometimes Balata, with its spring, seems indicated, as in the following two examples, which identify the tomb not as a structure, but as something by a spring and under a tree. It was evidently a site for Muslim pilgrimage at that time.</p><br>
<p>In 1173 the Persian traveller al-Harawi paid homage at the tomb, and wrote:</p><br>
<p>There is also near Nâblus the spring of Al Khudr (Elias), and the field of Yûsuf as Sadik (Joseph); further, Joseph is buried at the foot of the tree at this place.’</p><br>
<p>Around the year 1225, Yaqut al-Hamawi wrote:</p><br>
<p>There is here a spring called ‘Ain al Khudr. Yûsuf (Joseph) as Sadik –peace be on him!- was buried here, and his tomb is well known, lying under the tree.</p><br>
<p>as did Benjamin of Tudela—who wrote that the Samaritans in Nablus were in possession of it. William of Malmesbury describes it as overlaid with white marble, next to the mausolea of his brothers. Menachem ben Peretz of Hebron (1215) writes that in Shechem he saw the tomb of Joseph son of Jacob with two marble pillars next to it—one at its head and another at its foot—and a low stone wall surrounding it. Ishtori Haparchi (1322) places the tombstone of Joseph 450 meters north of Balāta, while Alexander de Ariosti (1463) and Francesco Suriano (1485) associate it with the church over Jacob’s well. Samuel bar Simson (1210), Jacob of Paris (1258), and Johannes Poloner (1422) locate it by Nablus. Gabriel Muffel of Nuremberg discerns a tomb to Joseph in a monument to the west of Nablus, halfway between that city and Sebaste. Mandeville (1322) and Maundrell (1697), among others, also mention its existence, although it is debatable as to whether any of these reports refer to the currently recognised location. Samuel ben Samson (1210) appears to place the tomb at Shiloh. Mandeville (1322) locates it nigh beside Nablus as does Maundrell (1697), but the indications are vague. Maundrell describes his sepulchre as located in a small mosque just by Nablus, which does not fit the present location.</p><br>
<p>Although the Koran does not mention details of Joseph&#39;s burial, Islamic tradition points to Nablus as being the authentic site. However, some early Islamic geographers identified the Cave of the Patriarchs in Hebron as housing his tomb. While Ali of Herat (1119), Yaqut (1229) and Ibn Battuta (1369) all report the Hebron traditions, they also mention the existence of a tomb of Joseph at Nablus. Later Muslim chroniclers even mention a third site purporting to be the authentic tomb, near Beit Ijza.</p><br>
<h3>19th-century accounts</h3><br>
<p>William Cooke Taylor (1838) describes the biblical parcel of ground Jacob gave to Joseph as situated on plain of Mukhna, and identifies the tomb as an oriental weli structure at the entrance to the valley of Nablus, to the right near the base of Mt Ebal. The sarcophagus, he suggests, lies underneath or somewhere else in the vicinity of this plain, and comments:</p><br>
<p>The present monument... is a place of resort, not only for Jews and Christians, but Mohammedans and Samaritans; all of whom concur in the belief that it stands on the vertiable spot where the patriarch was buried.</p><br>
<p>In 1839, the Jewish traveller Loewe based his identification of the tomb as near Jacobs Well by a topographical argument. Scripture, he argued, calls the place neither an emek (valley) nor a shephelah (plain), but a portion of field (chelkat hasadeh), and concluded: in the whole of Palestine there is not such another plot to be found, a dead level, without the least hollow or swelling in a circuit of two hours.&#39;</p><br>
<p>In 1839, it was recorded that Jews frequently visited the tomb and that many inscriptions in Hebrew were visible on the walls. The site was "kept very neat and in good repair by the bounty of Jews who visited it."</p><br>
<p>. Joseph is a fruitful bough. Behold a renewed majestic building...Blessed be the who has put it into the heart of Elijah, the son of Meir, our rabbi, to build again the house of Joseph in the month Sivan, in the year 5509" (AM)</p><br>
<p>John Wilson (1847) writes that the tomb lies about two or three hundred yards to the north of Jacobs Well, across the valley. He describes it as a small solid erection in the form of a wagon roof, over what is supposed to be the patriarch’s grave, with a small pillar or altar at each of its extremities, sometimes called the tombs of Ephraim and Manasseh, and the middle of an enclosure without a covering. Many visitors names, in the Hebrew and Samaritan characters, are written on the walls of this enclosure. One of the inscriptions is said to intimate the tombs repair by a Jew from Egypt, Elijah son of Meir, around 1749. Wilson adds that The Jews of Nablus take upon themselves the duty of keeping the tomb in order. They applied to us for a subscription to aid in making some repairs and we complied with their request. These Hebrew and Samaritan inscriptions were still visible on the white plastered walls as late as 1980, as were small lamps in an internal recess, probably donated by Jews during the 18th and 19th centuries.</p><br>
<h4>Detailed survey by Conder, 1878–89</h4><br>
<p>Claude R. Conder provides a detailed description of the site in his works Tent Work in Palestine (1878), Survey of Western Palestine (1881) and Palestine (1889).</p><br>
<p>It is located on the road-side from Balata to ‘Askar, at the end of a row of fine fig trees. The open courtyard surrounding the tomb measures about 18 foot square. The plastered, whitewashed walls, about 1 foot thick, are in good repair and stand 10 foot high. Entrance to the courtyard is from the north through the ruin of a little square domed building. There are two Hebrew inscriptions on the south wall. An additional English inscription notes that the structure was entirely rebuilt at the expense of the English consul at Damascus by early 1868.The tomb itself measures 6 foot long and stands 4 foot high. It consisted of a long narrow plastered block with an arched roof, having a pointed cross section. The tomb is not in line with the walls of the courtyard, which have a bearing of 202°, nor is it in the middle of the enclosure, being nearest to the west wall. Two short plastered pedestals with shallow cup-shaped hollows at their tops stand at the head and foot of the tomb. The hollows are blackened by fire due to the Jewish custom of burning offerings of shawls, silks or gold lace on the pillar altars. Both Jews and Samaritans burn oil lamps and incense in the pillar cavity.</p><br>
<p>Conder also questions the fact that the tomb points north to south, inconsistent with Muslim tombs north of Mecca. This fact did not however diminish Muslim veneration of the shrine:</p><br>
<p>"The tomb points approximately north and south, thus being at right angles to the direction of Moslem tombs north of Mecca. How the Mohammedans explain this disregard of orientation in so respected a Prophet as "our Lord Joseph," I have never heard; perhaps the rule is held to be only established since the time of Mohammed. The veneration in which the shrine is held by the Moslem peasantry is, at all events, not diminished by this fact."</p><br>
<h3>Confusion over competing shrine</h3><br>
<p>In the course of pin-pointing the location of the tomb, the Reverend H.B. Hackett in Sir William Smiths A dictionary of the Bible (1863) mentions the existence of two tombs bearing an association to Joseph in Nablus. In addition to the one close to the well, (location of Conders survey), he describes another exclusively Muslim tomb in the vicinity, about a quarter of a mile up the valley on the slope of Mt. Gerizim. He is not able to conclude which of the tombs is that of the biblical Joseph, but cites Arthur Penrhyn Stanley (1856) that at the Muslim tomb "a later Joseph is also commemorated at the sanctuary." Stanley himself writes that the little mosque on Gerizims north-eastern slopes is known by various names including Allon Moreh (Oak of Allon), Aharon Moreh (Ark of Moreh) and Sheykh al-Amad (Saint of the Pillar) which he suggests commemorate biblcal traditions. Stanley also quotes Buckingham, who mentions that the Samaritans maintain that the alternative tomb belongs to a certain Rabbi Joseph of Nablus. John Mills (1864) writes that claims of the tomb belonging to Rabbi Joseph of Nablus are unfounded, the structure being called by the Samaritans "The Pillar" in commemoration of the pillar set up by Joshua. Mills rather identifies the supposed rabbis tomb with a mosque named after a Muslim saint, Sheikh el-Amud ("Saint of the Pillar"), but further claims that the association is only a modern invention of the Mohammedans.</p><br>
<p>By the 1860s, many Jews and Muslims had come to see the limestone structure as housing the tomb of the biblical Joseph, and it was referred to in Arabic as "Qabr en-Nabi Yūsuf" ("Tomb of the Prophet Joseph"). It has been claimed that this tradition is an innovation in response to Israeli control of the site since the 1970s.</p><br>
<h3>After 1967</h3><br>
<p>Before 1967, the tomb was still located in a field in the village of Balata on the outskirts of Nablus. Local residents apparently believed the structure entombed a 19th-century cleric who was reputed to have healed the sick by reciting Koranic verses. Although the building did not function as a mosque, it was used by childless couples who would pray there for children, and young boys would take their first ritual haircut inside. After the capture of Nablus and the rest of the Palestinian territories in the 1967 war, Jewish settlers began to frequent the site, and by 1975, Muslims were prohibited from visiting the site. An initial attempt in 1994 to transform the site into a Jewish religious centre failed. Shulamit Aloni, minister for culture and education in the Rabin government, outraged religious activists at the time by asserting, on the basis of archeological evidence, that the site was only 200 years old, and the tomb that of Sheikh Yūsuf (Dawiqat), a Sufi holy man who died in the 18th century. Her views were challenged by Benny Katzover who replied that she had been misled by archeologists, and he had experts to back the traditional ascription. In 1997 Torah scrolls were brought in, the prayer niche facing Mecca was covered, and the site was declared a synagogue and yeshiva. Attaching the religious tradition surrounding the story of Joseph to the site, the settlers received protection from the IDF to transform this place of Muslim worship into one of their own. A curfew lasting 24 hours was once imposed by the IDF on Nablus&#39;s 120,000 inhabitants to allow a group of settlers and 2 Likud Knesset members to pray at the site.The site, which Jewish worshippers make monthly pilgrimages to, is among the most important to Orthodox Jews.</p><br>
<p>On December 12, 1995, in accordance with the Oslo Accords, jurisdiction of Nablus was handed over to the Palestinian National Authority, though Israel retained control of several religious sites, one of which was Joseph’s Tomb, thus sanctioning the fraught situation. Settler apprehensions that the area might be returned to Palestinians worked to enhance the status of Josephs tomb as a centre of pilgrimage. The Interim Agreement stipulated that: Both sides shall respect and protect the religious rights of Jews, Christians, Muslims and Samaritans concerning the protection and free access to the holy sites as well as freedom of worship and practice.&#39; The tomb, resembling a fortified military post with a small functioning yeshiva, became a frequent flash point. On September 24, 1996, after the opening of an exit for the Hasmonean Tunnel under the Ummariya madrasah, which Palestinians interpreted as a signal Benjamin Netanyahu was sending that Israel was to be the sole sovereign of Jerusalem, the PNA called for a general strike and a wave of protests broke out throughout the West Bank. In clashes, 80 people were killed and 253 wounded in the West Bank while six Israeli soldiers were killed at the tomb, and parts of the adjacent yeshiva were ransacked. Jews continued to worship at the site under limited protection of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF), often dressed as civilians easily mistaken for settlers.</p><br>
<p>During, The site had been attacked by gun fire, and hundreds of Palestinian stormed the compound, Israeli border control took control over the compound but Palestinian security services requested to take control over the positions and the control was passed to Palestinian security services. in the following hours the mob put cars outside the compound ablaze entered the tomb and removed the Morus tree, the last known image of the Morus tree was taken during 2006.</p><br>
<p>Over the year and a half between 1999 and 2000, the IDF, seconded by the Shin Bet and the Israeli Border Police, had asked the government to evacuate the tomb. In September 2000, in the wake of Ariel Sharon’s controversial visit to the Temple Mount, the Al-Aqsa Intifada broke out, and Nablus turned into conflict zone, in part after its governor’s son was shot dead during a clash with Israeli soldiers. The Palestinians targeted the site, reportedly on the grounds that it was better for the shrine to belong to no one than to be appropriated by just one religion, burning the yeshiva to the ground, incinerating its books and painting the dome green, an act which led to retaliation with Jewish vandalism of three mosques in Tiberias and Jaffa. After the death of an Israeli border policeman the head of the IDF’s southern command, Brigadier-General Yom-Tov Samia, threatened to resign if the government kept control of the tomb, since retaining control of it was ‘patently illegal.’ Prime Minister Ehud Barak eventually complied with the request and the site was handed over to the Palestinian police on October 7, 2000. Israeli newspapers framed the return of the site as a humiliating defeat for the nation. The tomb was pillaged and torched by Palestinian protesters hours after its evacuation. The next morning, the bullet-riddled body of rabbi Hillel Lieberman of Elon Moreh, a cousin of Senator Joseph Lieberman, was found on the outskirts of Nablus, where he had gone to check damage to the tomb. Joseph’s Tomb embodied a key Zionist theme: the return from exile to one’s homeland, and the Palestinian assault has been interpreted as challenging the credibility of claims to the site. The PA began to repair it the next day. Palestinian spokesperson Hanan Ashrawi claimed that Judaisms connection with the tomb was fabricated&#39;. The mayor of Nablus Ghassan Shakaa was reported as saying Jewish worshippers would not be permitted to pray there until an international organization or third party determines whether the site is holy to Moslems or Jews.</p><br>
<p>Israeli military officials said the Palestinians intended to build a mosque on the ruins of the site. The statement came after workers repairing the tomb painted the site&#39;s dome green, the colour of Islam. A Palestinian Authority spokesman denied the allegations and said that Arafat had ordered the renovations and for the synagogue to be rebuilt. Ghassan Shakaa, the mayor, claimed that city officials simply wanted to return the building to the way it looked before it came into Israeli hands in the 1967 Mideast war. Under intense USA and international pressure the dome was repainted white.</p><br>
<h3>Since 2000</h3><br>
<p>After the events of October 2000, the IDF prohibited Israeli access to the tomb. As a result of Operation Defensive Shield, Nablus was reoccupied by the IDF in April 2002, with severe damage to the historic core of the city, where 64 heritage buildings suffered serious damage or were destroyed. Some Breslov hasidim and others began to take advantage of the new circumstances to visit the site clandestinely under the cover of darkness, evading army and police checkpoints. Eventually Joseph’s tomb was once more open to visits. In May 2002, Israeli soldiers mistakenly opened fire on a convoy of settlers taking advantage of an ongoing incursion in Nablus to visit the tomb. Seven settlers were arrested by the army for illegally entering a combat zone. As a result of Operation Defensive Shield, the tomb was retaken by the IDF and shortly afterwards, in response to numerous requests, they renewed guarded tours of the tomb. One day every month at midnight as many as 800 visitors were allowed to pray at the gravesite. These visits were designed to prevent unauthorized and unprotected clandestine visits, mainly by Breslav Hassidim. However, in October, citing security reasons, Israel re-imposed a ban on Jewish pilgrims obtaining special permits and travelling to the tomb.</p><br>
<p>In February 2003 it was reported in the Jerusalem Post that the grave had been pounded with hammers and that the tree at its entrance had been broken; car parts and trash littered the tomb which had a "huge hole in its dome." Bratslav leader Aaron Klieger notified and lobbied government ministers about the desecration, but the IDF said it had no plans to secure or guard the site, claiming such action would be too costly.</p><br>
<p>In February 2007, thirty five Knesset members (MKs) wrote to the army asking them to open Joseph&#39;s Tomb to Jewish visitors for prayer. In May 2007, Breslov hasidim visited the site for the first time in two years and later on that year, a group of hasidim found that the gravesite had been cleaned up by the Palestinians. In the past few years the site had suffered from neglect and its appearance had deteriorated, with garbage being dumped and tires being burned there.</p><br>
<p>In early 2008, a group of MKs wrote a letter to the Prime Minister asking that the tomb be renovated: "The tombstone is completely shattered, and the holy site is desecrated in an appalling manner, the likes of which we have not seen in Israel or anywhere else in the world." In February, it was reported that Israel would officially ask the Palestinian Authority to carry out repairs at the tomb, but in response, vandals set tires on fire inside the tomb. In December 2008, Jewish workers funded by anonymous donors painted the blackened walls and re-built the shattered stone marker covering the grave.</p><br>
<p>As of 2009, monthly visits to the tomb in bullet-proof vehicles under heavy IDF protection are organised by the Yitzhar based organization Shechem Ehad. In late April 2009, a group of Jewish worshipers found the headstone smashed and swastikas painted on the walls, as well as boot prints on the grave itself.</p><br>
<p>In August 2010, it was reported that the IDF and the Palestinian Authority reached an agreement on renovating the site. Israel&#39;s chief rabbis, Yona Metzger and Shlomo Amar, visited and prayed at the tomb along with 500 other worshippers, the first such visit by a high-ranking Israeli delegation in 10 years.</p><br>
<p>On 24 April 2011, Palestinian Authority police officers opened fire on three cars of Israeli worshipers after they finished praying at Josephs tomb. An Israeli citizen was killed and three others were wounded. The fatality was identified as Ben-Joseph Livnat, 25, the nephew of Culture Minister Limor Livnat. Both the Israel Defense Forces and Palestinian Authority ordered investigations into the incident. According to an initial investigation, three cars full of Israelis entered the compound of Josephs tomb without coordination with the Israeli military or Palestinian security forces and then tried to break through a Palestinian Authority police checkpoint. The IDF investigation concluded that the Palestinian police officers had acted "maliciously" and with the intent to harm the Jewish worshipers. IDF Chief of Staff Benny Gantz added that they fired "without justification and with no immediate threat to their lives."</p><br>
<p>On 7 July 2014, Palestinians tried to burn down Joseph&#39;s tomb while protesting. Palestinian Authority security forces were able to stop the protesters before they were able to burn it down. On December 22, 2014, Jews who were visiting the tomb to light candles for the Jewish holiday of Hanukkah discovered that the site had been vandalized. Lights were broken and electrical wiring had been cut. It was the first time Jews were allowed to visit the tomb in over a month.</p><br>
<p>On 16 October 2015, amid a wave of violence between Palestinians and Israelis, dozens of Palestinians overran the tomb and a group of them set it on fire with petrol bombs. Palestinian security forces dispersed them and extinguished the flames; and although the tomb itself was not apparently damaged, the women&#39;s section was reported to be heavily damaged. Israeli security forces later arrived at the scene. According to a Palestinian official, the Palestinians had attempted to set up barricades in the area to prevent home demolitions by the Israeli Army, but a group of them proceeded to attack the tomb.</p><br>
<p>At 2 a.m. on the night of 18 October 2015, a group of 30 Jews, on instruction from Rabbi Eliezer Berland, went to the tomb without permits, in contravention of a standing IDF order, to clean and paint the compound that was burned three days before. As they were attacked by local Palestinians, six of them were bruised by beatings, and one of their vehicles was burnt. They claimed that the Palestinian police, who had detained them, had also beaten them, before they were handed over to the Israeli army, which had been called to extract the others.</p><br>
<p>Responsible body: Private</p><br>
<p>The Yon Mound and Village Site (8LI2) is a prehistoric archaeological site located two miles west of Bristol, Florida on the east bank of the Apalachicola River. The site was occupied by peoples of the Fort Walton Culture (a regional variation of the Mississippian culture). On December 15, 1978, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places as reference number 78000952.</p><br>
<h2>Site description</h2><br>
<p>Located in the middle Apalachicola River valley of northwest Florida, the site was first occupied briefly during the Swift Creek period at approximately 320 CE. About 1200 CE peoples of the Middle Fort Walton period began occupying the site with the construction of platform mound and associated village site. These people are thought to have been connected with the Cayson Mound and Village Site. The site was later occupied during the protohistoric period by Lamar Phase peoples who migrated down the lower Chattahoochee-Apalachicola River, possibly in the wake of initial European contact in the early 16th century.</p><br>
<p>It was first recorded and excavated by Clarence Bloomfield Moore in the early 20th century.</p><br>
<p>Lake Plateliai  is the biggest lake in Samogitia and 9th biggest in Lithuania. It is the central attraction in the Žemaitija National Park. It covers about 12 km² and reaches up to 47 m in depth. It has seven islands, one of them housed a castle and now is called Castle Island. Archeologists found remains of two castles and think it might be the Queen Bona castle. The lake has both diving and yacht clubs. Plateliai town is located on the west bank of the lake.</p><br>
<p>Lake Plateliai is famous for several events. It hosted rock music festival Roko naktys (English: Nights of Rock) since 2002. However, it seems the festival will have to relocate as the little town cannot accommodate more than 4,000 people attending the event. For 25 years swimmers have competed in a marathon in the lake. In 2006, a record number of people participated: 21 people swam a distance of 3.5 km and 154 of 1.8 km.</p><br>
<p>The lake is one of the most interesting for underwater archeology. Scientist think that the water level was much lower years ago and some islands are now underwater. For example, in 2002 divers found a big stone with human-made markings, that resemble the letter L. The stone was surrounded by smaller stones and a hypothesis was raised that it was a sacred place for the pagans. In 2002, on the bottom of the lake archeologists found three boats, about 5.5 meters in length, dated to the times of Vytautas the Great.</p><br>
<p>The Cold War Museum was established in the Plokštinė missile base, located in the forest not far from the lake.</p><br>
<p>Cortes Island is part of the traditional territories of the We Wai Kai, Kwiakah, Homalco, and Klahoose First Nations, with the office of the Klahoose First Nation located on the island. The island&#39;s southern tip is also part of the traditional territory of the Sliammon people.</p><br>
<p>Cortes, which is in the Sayward Land District, is 25 km long, 13 km wide, and 130 km² in area. It has a population of 1,042 permanent residents (2006 census). Cortes Island lies within Electoral Area B of the Strathcona Regional District, which provides water and sewerage systems, fire protection, land use planning, parks, recreation, and emergency response.</p><br>
<p>Cortes Island is in the Sunshine Coast Forest District and the Vancouver Island Ministry of Environment&#39;s Vancouver Island Region. It is part of the North Island Provincial Electoral District. The Campbell River School District operates the Cortes Elementary / Jr. Secondary school on the island. Until recently there was also the Linnaea School, a non-traditional school which offered a different approach on education. It was closed due to a lack of students and funding. After the ninth grade, students must either switch to homeschooling or transfer to a school off the island.</p><br>
<p>The island was named in 1792 during the expedition of Galiano and Valdés, presumably after Hernán Cortés, the Spanish conqueror of Mexico.</p><br>
<p>Access to Cortes Island is by plane or ferry. By plane through a non-profit private airstrip Cortes Island Aerodrome on the south end of the island, or by seaplane to many of the island&#39;s protected harbours; by ferry from Quadra Island, which is itself accessed from Campbell River on Vancouver Island via BC Ferries.</p><br>
<p>Cortes Bay, Whaletown, Squirrel Cove and Mansons Landing are communities on the island. Desolation Sound is off the east shore of the island. Forestry, fishing and mining have featured in its history. There is also a campground at Smelt Bay Provincial Park.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Cortes Island is part of the archipelago known as the Discovery Islands in British Columbia, Canada, which lie beyond the northern end of the Gulf of Georgia, between Vancouver Island and the British Columbia Mainland. It is also considered to be part of the Northern Gulf Islands. Cortes lies on the far side of Quadra Island from the city of Campbell River, separated from Quadra Island by Sutil Channel. To the northeast of Cortes Island, across Lewis Channel, is West Redonda Island. Desolation Sound lies to the east of Cortes Island and, beyond that, the upper end of the Malaspina Peninsula. The island is located roughly halfway between Powell River and Campbell River.</p><br>
<h3>Climate</h3><br>
<p>Wager Bay  is long narrow inlet in Kivalliq Region, Nunavut, Canada which opens east into Roes Welcome Sound at the northwest end of Hudson Bay. Ukkusiksalik National Park surrounds it.</p><br>
<p>Wager Bay was first charted by Christopher Middleton during his Arctic explorations of 1742. He named it after Sir Charles Wager and was trapped in the bay for three weeks until the ice cleared in Roes Welcome Sound. In 1747 William Moor sent boat parties to the head of the bay.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The bay is a long inlet stretching through tundra; its shoreline measures 93 mi in length. The elevation is 51 m above sea level. It drains an area of 28,551 km, through numerous small rivers, including the Brown River and Sila River. North Lake, South Lake, Brown Lake, and Ford Lake are nearby.</p><br>
<h2>Books</h2><br>
<p>Ladew Topiary Gardens  are nonprofit gardens with topiary located in Monkton, Maryland. The gardens were established in the 1930s by socialite and huntsman Harvey S. Ladew , who in 1929 had bought a 250 acre farm to build his estate. The house and gardens are open April through October, weekdays and weekends; an admission fee is charged.</p><br>
<p>The grounds contain 15 garden rooms, each devoted to a single color, plant or theme, arranged around two cross axes with vistas. The axes meet in an oval swimming pool. The garden is particularly noted for its topiary, which was strongly influenced by Ladew&#39;s extensive travel in England, where he frequently went fox hunting. Ladew designed topiaries depicting a fox hunt with horses, riders, dogs, and fox clearing a hedge, a Chinese junk with sails, swans, and a giraffe, among others. It was proclaimed an "exquisite garden estate" by The New York Times. The Garden Club of America has described it as "the most outstanding topiary garden in America." The grounds also contain a 1.5 mi nature walk.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in stages, starting in the late 18th century, with a mid-19th century addition and other additions in the 20th century. The oval library is particularly noteworthy, and has been called "one of the 100 most beautiful rooms in America". Both the grounds and house, which contains a good collection of antique English furniture, opened to the public in 1971.</p><br>
<p>Ballıca Cave , is a small cave situated at 6 km southeast of Pazar, Tokat Province, Turkey. The cave is 600 m southeast of the village Ballıca.</p><br>
<p>Ballıca Cave is a fossil cave. Its overall length is 68 m. The upper sections are composed of Permian–Triassic marble and lime. There are two layers above the entrance and five layers below, making a total of seven layers. Five layers were formed over three periods. One section stretches northeast and southwest, consisting of two layers. The second section, containing layers #3 and 34 were formed during the Second Evolutionary Period, and the 5th layer was formed in the 20th century. The gallery, which leads to some open space with a pond, is the first section in the northeast-southwest direction. It consists of the Stalactite and Stalagmite Hall on the first level, and the Fossil Hall and the Bat Hall on the second level. The Magnificent Gallery on the third floor is formed by the three adjoining halls: the Mushroom, Column, and the New Hall. Dwarf bat colonies live in different parts of the cave, and can be heard and smelled, but not often seen. The many colours in the cave are astonishing, and the filtered air is rich in oxygen.</p><br>
<p>About 45 - from the entrance, there is a wide saloon. The New Hall contains the remains (plastered walls, plastered material depot etc.) of use at sometime in history. There are numerous stalactites, stalagmites, pillars and water ponds inside the saloon.</p><br>
<p>Lovön is an island located in the Swedish Lake Mälaren in Ekerö Municipality of Stockholm County. It was a municipality of its own until 1952, when it was joined with Ekerö Municipality. Lovön&#39;s greatest attraction is Drottningholm Palace and its many public gardens, which were built on the island in 1580.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>There is much known about the history of this rather small island. Owing to its status today as a World Heritage Site, much research has gone into its history. It is estimated that Lovön has been inhabited since around the 25th century BC.</p><br>
<h3>Stone Age</h3><br>
<p>Traces of hunting and fishing camps dated as old as 2500 B.C. have been found by archaeologists on Lovön. Harpoons made of bone, stone tools, ceramic bowls, and remains of huts are some artifacts that have been located and researched. It is also believed that these camps were seasonal quarters rather than year-round habitations. The island was at this point a set of broken-up smaller islands, since the water level in Lake Mälaren was significantly higher than it is today.</p><br>
<h3>Nordic Bronze Age</h3><br>
<p>During the Nordic Bronze Age permanent settlement began. As the water level dropped off, more land was exposed, and the smaller islands were shaped into a coherent landmass. New wetlands were created in the low-lying areas, moist and fertile. Archaeological studies show a large amount of juniper and grass pollen — a sign that much of Lovön was open land for cattle-grazing. Archaeologists have found smaller living quarters around the spot where the church is located today. 30 or so stone burial mounds have been found scattered throughout the island from this period. From the bone materials found in these burial mounds it has established that only men were put in burial mounds, and only one person per generation received this type of burial, suggesting that the buried men were chieftains. Towards the end of the Bronze Age, pollen counts indicate abundant spruce trees growing in the open fields.</p><br>
<h3>Iron Age</h3><br>
<p>During the Iron Age the waters of Mälaren receded again and new land masses were created, causing an increase in the population. Farming families, tilling the fertile lower lands, became the norm. Each family would typically have their own set of fields and a family graveyard, placed on infertile lands. Consequently, many of the graves have been untouched until modern times.</p><br>
<p>The pre-Christian tradition of burial was cremation on a funeral pyre. The remains were gathered and covered with selected stones, and then packed with dirt. Towards the very end of the Iron Age Christianity gradually made its way into this region of Sweden, where the pagan ways were, however, slow to die. Burials of converted pagans did not involve burning the body, but rather dressing it in a simple white dress and burial in the ground. The grave site was rectangular, usually oriented east-west, and, at times, lined with stones.</p><br>
<h3>Late Middle Ages and on</h3><br>
<p>By the late Middle Ages, the family farms had combined into villages. Commonly between two and four farms would combine together into a village. Names such as Norrby (North Village), Söderby (South Village) Rinkeby, Edeby, and so on, many of which are still current, derive from this period. During this period, part of the island was taken as royal property; the son of Gustav Vasa, Johan III, erected a stone house on the island in 1579. This house would become Drottningholm Palace.</p><br>
<h3>Today</h3><br>
<p>Lovön has about 1,000 permanent inhabitants. The major employer is the Swedish National Defence Radio Establishment, which has been located there since 1942. A large part of the island was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1991 for the Drottningholm Palace and surrounding gardens. The island&#39;s sights are a major tourist destination, especially during the summer.</p><br>
<h2>The Church</h2><br>
<p>The oldest section of Lovö kyrka, the island&#39;s church (not to be confused with the castle church of Drottningholm Palace), has been dated back to the later part of the 12th century. One researcher, Berit Wallenberg, claims it was built as early as the 11th century. It is also believed that an even older wooden church existed on this site. Church sermons are held in the church, normally once a month, and for certain Christian holidays.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>The sanctuary of the church was created around 1670. The architect is believed to be Nicodemus Tessin the Elder, who was working on Drottningholm Palace around this same time. Inside the church are 30 gravestones, several of which belonged to people employed at Drottningholm palace. The interior was renovated in 2004.</p><br>
<h3>Exterior</h3><br>
<p>The church is unusually small and narrow. It was extended to the east, first in the 13th and further in the 17th century. Churches built during this time were built with a weapons room, a foyer where people going to church had to lay down their arms before entering the church itself. This weapons house was demolished in 1798, and an entry was made in the west side of the attached church tower.</p><br>
<h3>Lovö Runestones</h3><br>
<p>Five runestones known as the Lovö Runestones are currently located around the church. The stones date from the early 11th century, and contain some names of the local people, such as Torgils, Signiut, Holmer, Vig, Tingfast, and Johan.</p><br>
<p>The Pineland Archeological District  is a USA historic district  located on Pine Island, near Pineland, Florida, and next to Pine Island Sound. The site was occupied by people of the Caloosahatchee culture, known as the Calusa in historic times, from 500 BCE until after 1700. The site includes shell and sand mounds and other structures and prehistoric canals and artificial lakes. It also includes structures from the late 19th and early 20th centuries.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Pineland Archeological District includes a number of mounds and other features. Close to the shore is Batteys Landing (8LL35), consisting of the Brown Mound Complex, with five mounds, to the northwest, and to the southeast, the Randell Mound Complex, with two mounds. The two complexes are separated by the western end of the Pine Island Canal (8LL34). Southeast of the Randell Mound Complex, close to the shore, is the Old Mound, or Pineland Midden (8LL37). Inland to the south of the canal are the Surf Clam Ridge, the Citrus Ridge, the Smith Mound, or Pineland Burial Mound (8LL36), and the Low Mound (8LL1612). Furtherest inland, north of the canal, is Adams Mound (8LL38). The Pineland site was in use for most of the Caloosahatchee culture period, from about 50 until after 1700. The site also includes historic buildings, such as the Pineland Post Office and the Ruby Gill House.</p><br>
<p>The Pineland Site Complex is an area designated for the protection of the archaeological and natural resources of the Pineland site, managed by the University of Florida Foundation. In partnership with the Archeological Conservancy, the University of Florida Foundation, Lee County and the Calusa Land Trust, the State of Florida has designated 211 acre as an area of Critical Historical Resources. As of 2012, 63 acre had been acquired by the state, and negotiations were underway to buy full ownership or conservation easements on several remaining parcels. The Rendall Research Center is a research and educational facility at Pineland operated by the Florida Museum of Natural History.</p><br>
<h2>Battey's Landing</h2><br>
<p>The heart of the Pineland site, Batteys Landing, covered about 100 acre when visited by Frank Hamilton Cushing in 1895, but by 1989 only 20 acre remained intact, preserved by landowners Don and Pat Randell. Cushing described the site as extending about.25 mi inland and about.75 mi along the shore, with the "high-built" portions (including the courts) covering at least 75 to 80 acre. He reported five "enormous" rectangular courts, enclosed by nine quadrangular foundation terraces. A series of benches, courts and enclosures extended to the south of the main site, diminishing in size. The courts were connected to Pine Island Sound by canals. Cushing described the Pine Island Canal, leading from Pine Island Sound between two "very high shell elevations" to a court that was lower than the others. From the eastern end of the court, a canal 30 ft wide and 6 ft deep ran east into the interior of the island. Much of the Batteys Landing site, and in particular, the courts, was being used for agriculture at the time of Cushing&#39;s visit.</p><br>
<h2>Other features</h2><br>
<p>Unlike the other mounds at Pineland, which were shell middens, the Smith Mound is a sand mound with thin layers of shell, and was used for burials. The Smith Mound was originally about 300 ft long and 30 ft high. (Cushing gave dimensions for this mound of 375 ft long, 150 ft wide and 58 ft high.) It was surrounded by a pond fed by a canal which branched from the Pine Island Canal. A path wound around the mound to the summit, which was narrow but flat. Cushing observed potsherds, broken shell ladles, and human bones on the mound. The Smith Mound was constructed around 1000 years ago. Part of the mound was destroyed more than a century ago, and the adjacent pond and canal filled in. Half of the mound and the pond were preserved by its owner, Captain Smith.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Pineland site faces the shallow Pine Island Sound. The people of Pineland were largely dependent on fish and shellfish taken from the Sound for sustenance. Early in the Current Era, during the Roman Warm Period, sea levels were comparable to or higher than current levels. The people of Pineland during this period left linear shell middens parallel to the shore. Several lines of middens formed as people moved back and forth in response to variations in the sea level in the Sound. As the climate shifted into a cooler period, sometimes called the Vandal Minimum, sea levels fell to the point that Pine Island Sound no longer supported a fishery adequate to the needs of the Pineland population. Sometime during the 9th century, Pineland and other population centers along the west side of Pine Island, such as Josslyn Island and Galt Island, were abandoned in favor of sites with access to deeper water on the barrier islands, such as the Mark Pardo Shellworks Site, and on islands on the west side of Pine Island Sound, such as Useppa. This corresponds to the beginning of the Caloosahatchee IIB period, marked by changes in ceramics. The onset of the Medieval Warm Period brought a rapid return of sea level in Pine Island Sound to former levels, and Pineland was reoccupied in the 10th century.</p><br>
<p>Starting in the 10th century the people of Pineland constructed linear mounds in groups, with the mounds oriented perpendicular to the shoreline, in contrast to the earlier middens parallel to the shoreline. These mounds reached heights of up to 7 m by about 1200, at the end of the Caloosahatchee IIB period. During this period a natural waterway passing between the Brown and Randell mound complexes was altered into the western end of the Pine Island Canal. The Smith Mound was also started in the 11th century. A pronounced cool spell, around 1100, briefly lowered sea levels in Pine Island Sound, and the Pineland site was apparently abandoned from before 1100 until about 1150. The Little Ice Age began around 1200, again lowering sea levels in Pine Island Sound, but never as low as during the Vandal Minimum.</p><br>
<p>Thompson Island was a phantom island in the South Atlantic. According to the Global Volcanism Program, it was thought to be about 70 km north-northeast of Bouvet Island, a small Norwegian dependency between South Africa and Antarctica.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The island was first reported and named by whaling ship captain George Norris in 1825. The last reported sighting was in 1893. When, however, the German survey ship Valdivia fixed the position of Bouvet in 1898, it then looked for Thompson, but did not find it. If Thompson ever existed, it is probable that it disappeared in a volcanic eruption sometime in the 1890s, though in 1997 it was reported that the sea depth at the supposed location is greater than 2,400 m, rendering the existence of a submarine volcano uncertain.</p><br>
<p>Thompson Island continued to appear on maps published as late as 1943.</p><br>
<h2>In fiction</h2><br>
<p>* The climax of Geoffrey Jenkins&#39; novel A Grue of Ice is set on Thompson Island. The author places the island 120 km south-southeast of Bouvet Island, explaining the position discrepancy by means of light refraction in Antarctic waters.</p><br>
<p>* Thompson Island inspired the scenario for the novel La pell freda (Cold Skin) by Catalan writer Albert Sánchez Piñol.</p><br>
<p>The Missouri State Fair is the state fair for the state of Missouri, which has operated since 1901 in Sedalia, Missouri. It includes daily concerts, exhibits and competitions of animals, homemade crafts, shows, and many food/lemonade stands, and it only lasts 11 days. Its most famous event is the mule show, which has run since its inception. The fairgrounds are located at 2503 W 16th Street on the southwest side of the city at the intersection of West 16th Street  and South Limit Avenue .</p><br>
<p>In 2015, the Missouri State Fair had an attendance of about 350,000 people. It has won numerous first-place and other awards at the annual conference of the International Association of Fairs and Expositions (IAFE), especially for its promotion of agricultural exhibitors.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1897, N. H. Gentry of Sedalia persuaded the Missouri Swine Breeders Association to request the Missouri General Assembly to establish a state fair. In 1899 a resolution for the fair was introduced by C.E. Clark.</p><br>
<p>The state considered locating the fair in Centralia, Chillicothe, Marshall, Mexico, Moberly and Sedalia. Cities made offers of land which they would commit to the fair.</p><br>
<p>After ten ballots, Sedalia received the majority vote; it had bid 150 acre, the most amount of land of any city to be devoted to the fairgrounds. The Van Riper family, who had set land aside for the location of the Missouri State Capitol in Jefferson City, Missouri, also donated the site in Sedalia.</p><br>
<p>The first Missouri State Fair was held September 9–13 in 1901. One of the most distinctive aspects of the early fairs was the "white city": the 24 acre of tents, each for rent by exhibitors.</p><br>
<p>Odessa Ice Cream was the official ice cream at the Missouri State Fair in the 1930s.</p><br>
<p>The Missouri State Fairgrounds are now used year-round and generate revenue in every season, for more than 350 days out of the available 365. The Ozark Music Festival was held there July 19-21, 1974 with an estimated crowd of 350,000 people. Off-season usage includes music concerts, camper rallies, livestock shows, organized athletic leagues and tournaments, auto races, craft shows, and youth rallies.</p><br>
<p>The Missouri State Fairgrounds Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<h2>2009</h2><br>
<p>In 2009, the Missouri State Fair celebrated its 107th year. Attendance increased nearly 8 percent, for a total of 337,851 during the fairs run. The mild summer encouraged high attendance, and families also liked the fairs affordability as a joint event they could enjoy.</p><br>
<p>At the end of the year, fair organizers were honored with first-place and other awards at the International Association of Fairs and Expositions (IAFE). Missouri State Fair Director Mark Wolfe was pleased with the fair&#39;s recognition. First place awards included one for "Overall Program for Competitive Agricultural Exhibitors", an overview of the Fair’s entire agricultural program including number of entries, promotional materials and the overall quality of the program.</p><br>
<p>“This category is among one of the highest honors a fair can receive,” said Wolfe. “I am extremely proud to have placed 1st for our continued dedication to showcase agriculture, which is the premise of the Missouri State Fair.”</p><br>
<p>Another first place win was received for the category of "Fair and Sponsor Joint Exhibit Program". The Fair partnered with Monsanto Corporation in the first annual 4-H Show-Me Robots exhibit.</p><br>
<h2>2010 Events</h2><br>
<p>The 2010 Missouri State Fair was held August 12-22.</p><br>
<h3>Pepsi Grandstand Concerts and Events</h3><br>
<p>August 12 &ndash; Eli Young Band and Candy Coburn</p><br>
<p>August 13 &ndash; Shinedown (rain-out) and Chevelle</p><br>
<p>August 14 &ndash; Montgomery Gentry and Lost Trailers</p><br>
<p>August 15 &ndash; Katharine McPhee with Bomshel</p><br>
<p>August 16 &ndash; Truck &Tractor Pull</p><br>
<p>August 17 &ndash; Lucas Oil Non-Winged Sprint Bandits / MAMS / ULMA</p><br>
<p>August 18 &ndash; Country Gold Tour with Leroy Van Dyke, Helen Cornelius, Moe Bandy, Jimmy Fortune, Gene Watson, The Gatlin Brothers, David Frizzell and Narvel Felts</p><br>
<p>August 19 &ndash; Three Dog Night and The Grass Roots</p><br>
<p>August 20 &ndash; Darius Rucker and Band Perry</p><br>
<p>August 21 &ndash; Sheryl Crow and Colbie Caillat</p><br>
<p>August 22 &ndash; MLRA / NCRA Late Model Challenge</p><br>
<h2>2011 Events</h2><br>
<p>The 2011 Missouri State Fair was held August 11-21. Themed "It&#39;s a Show-Me Thing!"</p><br>
<h3>Pepsi Grandstand Concerts and Events</h3><br>
<p>August 11 &ndash; Jerrod Niemann and Candy Coburn</p><br>
<p>August 12 &ndash; Lynyrd Skynyrd (cancellation due to illness) and Doobie Brothers (performed a longer set)</p><br>
<p>August 13 &ndash; Jason Aldean with Thompson Square and Chris Young (singer)</p><br>
<p>August 14 &ndash; Military Appreciation Day with Country Gold Tour featuring Leroy Van Dyke with his band The Auctioneers, Jim Ed Brown, Helen Cornelius, T. Graham Brown, Jeannie Kendall, Eddy Raven, Joe Stampley and Moe Bandy</p><br>
<p>August 15 &ndash; Championship Truck &Tractor Pull</p><br>
<p>August 16 &ndash; Monster Truck Show</p><br>
<p>August 17 &ndash; Bluegrass Festival throughout the day featuring Missouri&#39;s own Rhonda Vincent and the Rage</p><br>
<p>August 18 &ndash; Kenny Wayne Shepherd with Trampled Under Foot</p><br>
<p>August 19 &ndash; Luke Bryan and Josh Thompson (singer)</p><br>
<p>August 20 &ndash; Carnival of Madness Tour featuring Canadian rock band Theory of a Deadman, along with rockers Alter Bridge, Adelitas Way and Emphatic</p><br>
<p>August 21 &ndash; Auto Racing</p><br>
<p>The Traverse City State Hospital of Traverse City, Michigan has been variously known as the Northern Michigan Asylum and the Traverse City Regional Psychiatric Hospital. It is the last Kirkbride Building of Michigan&#39;s original four left in the state. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978 and designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1985.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Northern Michigan Asylum was established in 1881 as the demand for a third psychiatric hospital, in addition to those established in Kalamazoo and Pontiac, began to grow. Lumber baron Perry Hannah, "the father of Traverse City," used his political influence to secure its location in his home town. Under the supervision of prominent architect Gordon W. Lloyd, the first building, known as Building 50, was constructed in Victorian-Italianate style according to the Kirkbride Plan. The hospital opened in 1885 with 43 residents.</p><br>
<p>Under Dr. James Decker Munson, the first superintendent from 1885 to 1924, the institution expanded. Twelve housing cottages and two infirmaries were built between 1887 and 1903 to meet the specific needs of male and female patients. The institution became the city&#39;s largest employer and contributed to its growth. In the 1930s three large college-like buildings were constructed near the present site of the Munson Hospital parking deck and the Grand Traverse Pavilions.</p><br>
<p>Long before the advent of drug therapy in the 1950s, Munson was a firm believer in the "beauty is therapy" philosophy. Patients were treated through kindness, comfort, pleasure, and beautiful flowers provided year-round by the asylum&#39;s own greenhouses and the variety of trees Munson planted on the grounds. Restraints, such as the straitjacket, were forbidden. Also, as part of the "work is therapy" philosophy, the asylum provided opportunities for patients to gain a sense of purpose through farming, furniture construction, fruit canning, and other trades that kept the institution fully self-sufficient. The asylum farm began in 1885 with the purchase of some milk cows and within a decade grew to include pigs, chickens, milk and meat cows, and many vegetable fields. In the 1910s-30s, the farm was home to a world champion milk cow, Traverse Colantha Walker. Her grave is at the end of the dirt trail between the farm and the asylum.</p><br>
<p>While the hospital was established for the care of the mentally ill, its use expanded during outbreaks of tuberculosis, typhoid, diphtheria, influenza, and polio. It also cared for the elderly, served as a rehab for drug addicts, and was used to train nurses. After Munson&#39;s retirement, James Decker Munson Hospital was established in his honor on the grounds in 1926, and was operated by the state well after his death and into the 1950s. It was then replaced by Munson Medical Center in the 1950s, the largest hospital in northern Michigan and one of the largest in the state. A portrait of Dr. Munson hangs inside the main lobby of Munson Medical Center. By the time it closed in 1989, pieces of the property had been split between Munson hospital, the Pavilions, Garfield Township and (later) T.M.G.</p><br>
<p>However, changes in the law and mental health care philosophies brought on the decline of the institution. The farm on the grounds closed in the 1950s, with most of its buildings demolished in the mid-1970s. In 1963, the main 1885 center wing of Building 50 was destroyed because it was deemed a fire hazard and a new modern building was put up in its place. Use of the hospital slowly declined, and it was closed in 1989, with a loss of over 200 jobs to the local economy.</p><br>
<h2>Current Status</h2><br>
<p>Over the next decade, the community struggled with plans for reuse of the hospital grounds. In 1993, the property was transferred from the state to the Grand Traverse Commons Redevelopment Corporation. Some of the less historic buildings were demolished. Several redevelopment plans were proposed, but nothing came to fruition until 2000, when the Minervini Group began negotiating with the Grand Traverse Commons Redevelopment Corporation and secured an agreement to renovate the historic buildings. Their efforts have led to the gradual but successful preservation and re-use of the former Building 50 as part of The Village at Grand Traverse Commons, a residential and commercial development. As of 2014 these buildings and cottages are occupied or being close to completion on the Minervini Groups property of the state hospital. Building 50, 56, 58, 60, 61, 63, 67, and 69 are all occupied. Cottages 19, 20, and 36 are all occupied. On a separate note the farmstead which is not part of the Minervini Group instead the owners are Garfield Township park and rec.But the visitor center and botanical garden are all volunteered. Projects that are done turning one of the former granary building into a pavilion, however the basement still exist under the concrete floor. Another building was turned into a visitor center and one of the two cathedral barns has been done. The barn will increase event space in the park. Projects in 2015 include a reflection pool using a former silo foundation and planting more gardens. Another project is turning a partly burnt horse barn into a wall garden using the stone foundation left over.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Traverse City State Hospital contains multiple buildings located on a large rolling campus. Many of the buildings are constructed from matching buff brick. Building 50, the visual centerpiece of the complex, is a three-story building on a stone foundation containing 386,740 square feet of space. Towers, bracketed eaves, and dormers demonstrate a Victorian ambiance.</p><br>
<p>Beinn a’ Ghlò is a Scottish mountain situated roughly 10 kilometres north east of Blair Atholl in the Forest of Atholl in between Glen Tilt and Glen Loch, in Cairngorms National Park. It is a huge, complex hill with many ridges, summits and corries, covering approximately 40 square kilometres with three Munros. These are Càrn Liath  at 976 metres, Bràigh Coire Chruinn-bhalgain  at 1070 metres and Càrn nan Gabhar  at 1121.9 metres. The mountain has patches of grey scree  amongst grass, while heather grows quite profusely on the lower slopes and gives the hill a colourful skirt when in bloom in Summer.</p><br>
<p>Beinn a&#39; Ghlò has such a diversity of flora that it has been declared a SSSI and a SAC over an area of 80 square kilometres. It is a region of European dry heaths and there are many species of alpine and marsh plants on the mountain such as the rare yellow oxytropis (Oxytropis campestris), mountain avens (Dryas octopetala), rock speedwell (Veronica fruticans), rock sedge (Carex rupestris) and green spleenwort (Asplenium viride).</p><br>
<p>Beinn a’ Ghlò is a familiar sight to motorists travelling north along the A9 road at the Pass of Killiecrankie but this view only shows Càrn Liath. The main mass of the mountain is hidden behind with, the highest and most distant Munro, Càrn nan Gabhar more than 12 kilometres from Blair Atholl, so it is a full days expedition to climb all three Munros. Beinn a’ Ghlò has nineteen corries and legend says that a rifle shot in any one cannot be heard in any of the others. Queen Victoria viewed the mountain in 1844 on a drive up Glen Tilt, saying, &#39;“We came upon a lovely view — Beinn a’ Ghlò straight before us — and under these high hills the River Tilt gushing and winding over stones and slates … and the air so pure and fine but no description can do it justice”.</p><br>
<p>There are two popular starting points for the traverse of the mountain. The first is at Loch Moraig (grid reference ) at the end of the minor road, three kilometres from Blair Atholl. The other is at Marble Lodge in Glen Tilt (grid reference ) but this requires permission from the Atholl Estate to drive the seven Kilometres up the private estate road. From Loch Moraig a track is followed to the foot of the mountain. It is a steep climb to the first Munro of Càrn Liath passing through white granite scree near the top. The route continues north dropping down to a col at 760 metres to climb Bràigh Coire Chruinn-bhalgain which gives a fine view down into Glen Tilt before turning east to take in Càrn nan Gabhar. The return to Loch Moraig can be varied, going over the "top" of Airgiod Bheinn (1061 metres), which translates as Silver Mountain, before dropping into the valley and picking up the track; this avoids the need to re-ascend the first two Munros.</p><br>
<p>Càrn Liath and Càrn nan Gabhar both have trig points and are excellent viewpoints. Càrn nan Gabhar’s highest point is not actually at the trig point, it is at a cairn 200 metres north east with a height of 1121.9 metres (about two metres more than the trig point). Càrn nan Gabhar has a panorama that includes the Cairngorms, the Glen Shee hills and an aerial view down into Glen Loch. Càrn Liath looks out over Blair Atholl towards the Scottish Lowlands.</p><br>
<h2>Gaelic pronunciation</h2><br>
<p>Càrn Liath</p><br>
<p>Bràigh Coire Chruinn-bhalgain (Gaelic: Bràigh Coire a&#39; Chruinn-bhalgain)</p><br>
<p>Càrn nan Gabhar</p><br>
<p>Airgiod Bheinn (Gaelic: Airgead-bheinn)</p><br>
<p>Col du Glandon  is a high mountain pass in the Dauphiné Alps in Savoie, France, linking Le Bourg-d&#39;Oisans to La Chambre. It is situated between the Belledonne, Grandes Rousses and Arvan-Villards mountain ranges, west of the Col de la Croix de Fer. The road over the Col du Glandon was opened in 1898, although it was not linked to the Col de la Croix de Fer until 1912.</p><br>
<p>The pass is normally closed from the beginning of November to mid May. It is sometimes used by the Tour de France cycle race, including on the 2013 Tour.</p><br>
<h2>Details of the climb</h2><br>
<p>From La Chambre (north-east) the climb follows the D927. The ascent is 21.3 km long, climbing 1,472 m at an average gradient of 6.9%. The gradient increases as the road approaches the summit, with the last two kilometres exceeding 10% with stretches at 12%.</p><br>
<p>From Le Bourg-d&#39;Oisans the route follows the D1091 through the Romanche valley before joining the D526 after 8 km. The climb starts at the Barrage du Verney from where there is a further 24.1 km to the summit, which is reached shortly after the junction with the route to Col de la Croix de Fer. Over this distance, the height gained is 1,152 m; the average gradient is thus 4.8%, although there are some downhill sections en route and a maximum uphill gradient of 11.1%.</p><br>
<p>In the climb from La Chambre mountain pass cycling milestones are placed every kilometre. They indicate the distance to the summit, the current height, and the average slope in the following kilometre. Such signposting for cyclists has become common in most major mountain passes in the French Pyrenees and Alps.</p><br>
<h2>Tour de France</h2><br>
<p>The Col du Glandon was first crossed in the Tour de France in 1947 in conjunction with the Col de la Croix de Fer when the first rider over the summit was Edward Klabiński. The pass is often used in conjunction with the Col de la Croix de Fer when it is not categorized for the King of the Mountains competition.</p><br>
<h3>Categorized appearances in Tour de France</h3><br>
<p>Wells Japanese Garden is a small Japanese garden located at 1608 Lindsay Street in Newberry, South Carolina. It is open daily.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>The garden was created by W. Fulmer Wells in 1930, donated to the city in 1971, and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. It is currently being restored and maintained by the Newberry Council of Garden Clubs.</p><br>
<p>The garden contains two ponds, concrete bridges in a Japanese style, torii, a teahouse, and a variety of indigenous and exotic flora including lotus, Japanese iris, water lilies, crepe myrtle, dogwood, and cypress.</p><br>
<p>On February 12, 2012 at 12:12 the City of Newberry met with Senior Curator of The Presidential Service Museum, Martin CJ Mongiello, to accept a gift of a Matsu (pine) tree. Mongiello lived in Japan for many years and remembered visiting where President George H. W. Bush and Ulysses S. Grant each planted a Pine tree at the Tokyo famed Zojoji Temple. City officials at the meeting were Matt DeWitt and Jeff Shacker. Doctor Jerry Livingston, a local resident and former missionary in Japan of 40 years visited at 2:12 on the 12th to be introduced to the garden for the first time.</p><br>
<p>Komatsu Corporation recently donated a sizeable fund to help with additions at the garden in 2012. Both Doctor Livingston and Mongiello have pledged to assist in the garden for 2012.</p><br>
<p>Lyskamm , also known as Silberbast , is a mountain  in the Pennine Alps lying on the border between Switzerland and Italy. It consists of a five-kilometre-long ridge with two distinct peaks. The mountain has gained a reputation for seriousness because of the many cornices lying on the ridge and the frequent avalanches, thus leading to its nickname the Menschenfresser .</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Because of its modest prominence (376 m), Liskamm is sometimes considered to be part of the extended Monte Rosa group (in fact the Dufourspitze is only 107 metres higher). But visually Liskamm is a huge massif, composed of two summits: the Eastern Liskamm and the lower Western Liskamm, separated by a 1 km long ridge, both lying on the border between the Swiss canton of Valais (north) and the Italian region of the Aosta Valley (south).</p><br>
<p>The northern side of the mountain is an impressive 1,100 m ice-covered wall, rising up from the Grenzgletscher. The gentler southern side rises only a few hundred metres above the glacier of the same name: Lysgletscher.</p><br>
<h2>Climbing history</h2><br>
<p>The eastern and higher of the two peaks is 4,527 m, and was first ascended in 1861 from the Lisjoch up the east ridge by a 14-man team (seven Englishmen, one Scotsman, and six Swiss guides) led by J. F. Hardy and including William Edward Hall. Others in the party included A. C. Ramsey, F. Sibson, T. Rennison, J. A. Hudson, C. H. Pilkington and R. M. Stephenson. The guides were Franz Josef Lochmatter (1825-1897) of St. Niklaus in the canton Valais, J.-P. Cachet, K. Kerr, S. Zumtaugwald, P. and J.-M. Perren.</p><br>
<p>The ridge as a whole (as well as the western summit) was first traversed three years later by Leslie Stephen, Edward N. Buxton, Jakob Anderegg and Franz Biener.</p><br>
<p>The first attempt to climb the imposing north-east face was made in 1880 by the brothers Kalbermatten. They were carried down to the glacier by an avalanche but they survived the accident. On 9 August 1890, L. Norman-Neruda with guides Christian Klucker and J. Reinstadler were the first to reach the summit (Liskamm East) by the north face, by what is now known as the "Norman-Neruda route". The first winter ascent of this route was made on 11 March 1956 by C. Fosson and O. Frachey.</p><br>
<p>In 1907, Geoffrey Winthrop Young and his guide traversed the whole ridge two times. Young wanted to traverse the ridge from the Nordend to the Breithorn. They started from Riffelalp at midnight and finished the traverse of the Monte Rosa massif at midday. But after the traverse of the Liskamm and Castor the guide was too tired. Young, who was very disappointed, convinced him to go back by the Lisjoch before descending to Zermatt, implying a second traverse on the Liskamm. Young even wanted to continue back to the Nordend but his guide refused to prolong the journey.</p><br>
<h2>Climbing routes</h2><br>
<p>The normal route starts from the Lisjoch, which can be accessed from the Gnifetti Hut (3,650 m) or from the Monte Rosa Hut (2,883 m). The route follows the route taken by the first ascensionist.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is often climbed as a traverse from the Feliksjoch (West), to the Lisjoch (East) or vice versa. The traverse consists mostly of a narrow, snow-covered ridge, with some scrambling over rocks. In good conditions, this route is fairly easy and objectively safe, however in bad snow conditions and/or bad visibility, the ridge can be challenging because of large, sometimes double, cornices, mainly on the southern side of the ridge.</p><br>
<h2>Bibliography</h2><br>
<p>W. E. Hall (1870) "The fatal accident on the Lyskamm", Alpine Journal, 5: 23–32</p><br>
<p>The Wayne County Building is a lowrise government structure located at 600 Randolph Street in Downtown Detroit, Michigan. It formerly contained the Wayne County administrative offices – now located in the Guardian Building at 500 Griswold Street – and its courthouse. As Wayne County Courthouse, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. When it was completed in 1902, it was regarded as "one of the most sumptuous buildings in Michigan".</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The building was designed by Detroit architects John and Arthur Scott. Constructed from 1897 to 1902, it may be one of the nation&#39;s finest surviving examples of Roman Baroque Revival architecture, with a blend of Beaux-Arts and some elements of the Neoclassical style.</p><br>
<p>The building stands 5 floors and was built using copper, granite, and stone. The exterior is profusely ornamented with sculpture; the interior is finished in a variety of woods, marbles, tiles, and mosaics. Built with buff Berea sandstone, the façade features a rusticated basement story and a balustrade between the third and fourth stories. At the main entrance, a broad flight of stairs leads up to a two-story Corinthian column portico. The structure boasts a tall, four-tiered, hipped roof central tower balanced by end pavilions. The courthouse tower was originally 227&#39; 8½" tall; the copper dome and spire were redone in the 1960s, bringing its height to 247 feet.</p><br>
<p>The exterior architectural sculpture, including the Anthony Wayne pediment, was executed by Detroit sculptor Edward Wagner. The other sculptures, two quadrigas, Victory and Progress and four figures on the tower, Law, Commerce, Agriculture, and Mechanics, were sculpted by New York sculptor J. Massey Rhind, and made by Salem, Ohio resident William H. Mullins in 1903.</p><br>
<p>On the other end of Campus Martius was the old Detroit City Hall, and they adorned the landscape as bookends.</p><br>
<p>A renovation was carried out in 1987 by Quinn Evans Architects and Smith, Hinchman & Grylls Associates.</p><br>
<h2>Recent news</h2><br>
<p>On July 18, 2007, Wayne County Executive Robert Ficano announced Wayne County had entered into an agreement to purchase the Guardian Building to relocate its offices from the Wayne County Building. This purchase would commence when the county&#39;s lease on their current home expires in 2008 and end a difficult tenant-landlord relationship between the owners and the County. The Detroit Free Press print edition on July 21, 2007, carried a front page article about the current landlord offering a reduced rate for the county to remain.</p><br>
<p>In July 2014, the Wayne County Commission approved the sale of the building along with a county-owned parking lot at 400 E. Fort Street to a New York investment group for $13.4 million. The building is expected to be renovated for single tenant occupancy.</p><br>
<p>The Qube, previously known as the Chase Tower, the Bank One Center, and the National Bank of Detroit Building, is a high-rise office building and Quicken Loans operations center in the USA designated Detroit Financial District at 611 Woodward Avenue, in Downtown Detroit, Michigan. It was built in 1959 and stands at 14 floors in height and was completely remodeled in 2011. It was designed in the modern architectural style, and uses a great deal of marble to coordinate with the buildings in the nearby Civic Center. It was designed by Albert Kahn Associates.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Qube stands on the site of Detroits first skyscraper, the Hammond Building. The ground floor of this building is a massive 1.5-story glass sheathed, banking hall. The building was known as Chase Tower from 2006 to 2011 to reflect Chase Banks buyout of Bank One. In March 2007, the Sterling Group purchased the tower from JP Morgan Chase. Occupancy was approximately 50 percent at the time of sale. The building has had 3 official names now, for each of the 3 successive banks that have owned it: National Bank of Detroit (NBD), succeeded by Bank One, and lastly Chase.</p><br>
<p>The building has gone by several names in the past, most notably: Bank One Center, National Bank of Detroit Building, Bank One Building and Chase Tower.</p><br>
<p>In April 2011, Quicken Loans bought the building, renamed it the Qube and relocated 4,000 of the company&#39;s employees to the facility. The company plans to fill remaining space with retail.</p><br>
<p>In August 2014, the Detroit bureau of Southfield-based ABC affiliate WXYZ-TV moved into the Qube after spending several decades across from the headquarters of the Detroit Police Department; its new location now includes satellite studio and newsroom facilities.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The building is located on the block bordered by Woodward Avenue to the east, with the First National Building across Woodward. West Fort Street borders the building on the north, with Cadillac Square and 1001 Woodward across the street. Griswold Street borders the building to the west, with the Penobscot Block and Chrysler House across the street. West Congress Street borders the building to the south, with the Guardian Building across the street. Across Woodward Ave. from the Guardian Building lies Ally Detroit Center, and the Buhl Building lies across Griswold Street, to the west. The building has a similar shape and size to the 411 Building, owned by competitor Comerica.</p><br>
<p>Waddells Station was a stage stand on the old Butterfield Overland Mail route in Indian Territory. It was located in what is now Atoka County, Oklahoma. It is sometimes confused with Rogers Station, a post-Civil War stage stand and post office, which was three miles  in an easterly direction from Waddell&#39;s.</p><br>
<p>Waddell&#39;s Station was added to the National Register of Historic Places (#72001054) in 1972.</p><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p>Shirk, George H. Oklahoma Place Names. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1987:.</p><br>
<p>Wright, Murial H. George H. Shirk; Kenny A. Franks. Mark of Heritage. Oklahoma City: Oklahoma Historical Society, 1976</p><br>
<p>Wright, Muriel H., Chronicles of Oklahoma 35:1 (January 1957) 55-71 (accessed August 19, 2006).</p><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>Cabin John Creek is a tributary stream of the Potomac River in Montgomery County, Maryland. The watershed covers an area of 26 square miles. The headwaters of the creek originate in the city of Rockville, and the creek flows southward for 10.9 mi to the Potomac River.</p><br>
<p>The http://www.montgomeryparks.org/PPSD/ParkTrails/trails_MAPS/cabin_john_svu.shtm Cabin John Stream Valley Trail follows the course of the creek for 8.8 mi, passing through http://www.montgomeryparks.org/facilities/regional_parks/cabinjohn/index.shtm Cabin John Regional Park and http://www.montgomeryparks.org/parks_facilities_directory/cabinjohnlp.shtm Cabin John Local Park. The Union Arch Bridge carries MacArthur Boulevard and the Washington Aqueduct over the stream about 1/4 mile before the creek flows through a culvert under the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal and empties into the Potomac.</p><br>
<h2>Water pollution</h2><br>
<p>The Cabin John Creek watershed is highly developed, and as a result the water quality in the creek main stem and several tributaries is degraded. Montgomery County Government is implementing a long-term plan to improve water quality throughout the area, including stormwater management and stream restoration projects.</p><br>
<h2>Tributaries of Cabin John Creek</h2><br>
<p>*Booze Creek</p><br>
<p>*Thomas Branch (also called Beltway Branch and Thomas Run)</p><br>
<p>*Congressional Branch</p><br>
<p>*Ken Branch</p><br>
<p>*Buck Branch</p><br>
<p>*Snakeden Branch (also called Snake Den Branch)</p><br>
<p>*Old Farm Creek</p><br>
<p>*Bogley Branch</p><br>
<p>Show Low Lake is a 100 acre lake nestled at 6,500 ft elevation in the White Mountains of Arizona which is administered by the Arizona Game and Fish Department along with the city of Show Low. Show Low Lake Park is located five miles  south of Show Low.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Show Low Lake has 100 acre with an average depth of 33 ft and maximum depth of 50 ft. It&#39;s situated at an elevation of 6,500 ft. The lake maintains good water quality year round, and is stocked with rainbow trout from April through September. The Arizona Game and Fish Department occasionally stocks channel catfish. The lake also contains reproducing populations of walleye, largemouth and smallmouth bass, bluegill and green sunfish.</p><br>
<h2>Fish species</h2><br>
<p>Rainbow</p><br>
<p>Largemouth Bass</p><br>
<p>Smallmouth Bass</p><br>
<p>Sunfish</p><br>
<p>Catfish (Channel)</p><br>
<p>Sodus Bay is a bay on the south shore of Lake Ontario, one of the Great Lakes. Sodus Bay is located in Wayne County, New York, USA. Most of the bay is in the Town of Huron, but the western part is in the Town of Sodus.</p><br>
<p>Sodus Bay has sometimes been referred to as "Great Sodus Bay" to distinguish it from "Little Sodus Bay," which is east of Sodus Bay in the Town of Sterling.</p><br>
<p>Sodus Bay is halfway between Rochester and Syracuse.</p><br>
<p>Sodus Bay is one of Lake Ontario’s major embayments separated from the lake by a 7,500-foot long barrier beach.</p><br>
<p>The bay is located in Wayne County, New York, and is 4.4 miles in length and 2.4 miles across.</p><br>
<p>This major point of access to Lake Ontario contains 12 marinas, 13 waterfront restaurants, 2 public access sites, a public beach, and a sailing school.</p><br>
<p>The Sodus Bay watershed is composed of land that is 30% agriculture, 4% developed land, 61% forest, and 4% wetlands. First Creek, Second Creek, Third Creek, Sodus Creek West, Sodus Creek East (Glenmark Creek), and Clark Creek empty into this bay.</p><br>
<p>The Towns of Huron, Sodus, Rose, Galen, Lyons and the Village of Sodus Point are located within the approximately 46-square mile watershed that drains to the Sodus Bay.</p><br>
<p>Wayne County’s shoreline embayments are of ecological importance containing over 6,807 acres of protected wetlands and host to over 36 species of aquatic plants including three species of protected aquatic plants (e.g., American Lotus) and the protected softshell turtle.</p><br>
<p>Chimney Bluffs State Park is located in the northeast part of the bay.</p><br>
<p>Webster, New York based Sea Scout Ship 303 operates the schooner S.S.S. Lotus out of Sodus Bay.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The region was first settled around 1794 by outsiders who discovered the bay called by the natives "Assorodus" ("Silvery Waters"). This settlement became modern Sodus Point. During the War of 1812 the community was mostly burned during an attack by the British.</p><br>
<p>A community of Shakers lived near here until about 1836, when they felt the development of the area was becoming too worldly.</p><br>
<p>A lighthouse was erected on the western point of the bay in 1870, replacing an earlier lighthouse constructed in 1824.</p><br>
<p>The bay was considered an important port. A rail line extending into Pennsylvania allowed coal to be place on board lake shipping.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Eagle, LeRoy, and Newark Islands are in Sodus Bay and the only islands in south central end of Lake Ontario.</p><br>
<p>Morro da Igreja  is a peak situated in Urubici, a municipality of the Santa Catarina state, in southern Brazil. Its latitude is 28º0731" S and its longitude is 49º2938" W, with an elevation of 1,822 metres , the highest inhabited point and the second most elevated of this state. This peak registered the lowest  temperature in Brazil: -17.8 °C , on June 29, 1996. It is considered the coldest place in this country; tourism is popular in the winter, when snowfalls can occur.</p><br>
<p>The Brazilian Air Force has a military base on the summit equipped with radars and radio relays for air traffic control (CINDACTA) of the Brazilian Southern Region.</p><br>
<p>There is a curious natural formation in this area, called Pedra Furada (literally Drilled Stone), and it can be spotted from the peak.</p><br>
<p>Devils Thumb, or Taalkhunaxhkʼu Shaa in Tlingit, is a mountain in the Stikine Icecap region of the Alaska–British Columbia border, near Petersburg. It is named for its projected thumb-like appearance. Its name in the Tlingit language has the meaning "the Mountain That Never Flooded" and is said to have been a refuge for people during Aangalakhu . It is one of the peaks that marks the border, and is also listed on maps as Boundary Peak 71.</p><br>
<p>Devils Thumb is a very challenging climb even for advanced mountain climbers.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Devils Thumb is part of a group of striking, difficult rock peaks on the western edge of the Stikine Icecap. The Stikine Icecap occupies the crest of the Boundary Ranges, a subrange of the Coast Mountains spanning the Canada–United States border, north of the mouth of the Stikine River. Other peaks in the area include the Witches Tits and Cat&#39;s Ears Spires (part of the western ridge of the Devils Thumb massif itself), and Mount Burkett and Burkett Needle, a pair of spires about 8 mi to the northeast.</p><br>
<h2>Notable features</h2><br>
<p>The most famous feature on the Devils Thumb among climbers is its Northwest Face, rising 6,700 ft from the Witches Cauldron at its base to the summit, at an average angle of 67 degrees. This is the biggest rock face in North America. The conditions prevalent also make it perhaps the most dangerous climbing proposition on the continent.</p><br>
<h2>Climbing history</h2><br>
<p>The first ascent of the Devils Thumb was a landmark in North American mountaineering. Fred Beckey, along with Clifford Schmidtke, and Bob Craig, climbed the East Ridge, a route that combined technical difficulty equal to anything ever climbed on the continent to that time with great remoteness and terrible weather conditions.</p><br>
<p>The Northwest Face has seen many attempts; at least three teams have died on this face. In 1977, author Jon Krakauer climbed the East Ridge of the Devils Thumb, a feat described in detail in his book Eiger Dreams, Ventures Among Men and Mountains. Krakauer also chronicles his solo ascent of Devils Thumb in chapters 14 and 15 of his book Into the Wild.</p><br>
<p>Devils Paw  is the high point of the Juneau Icefield, on the Alaska-British Columbia border. It is part of the Boundary Ranges of the Coast Mountains. It is also notable for its steep rise above the low local terrain. Its height is sometimes given as 8,507 feet .</p><br>
<p>Devils Paw is located on the northeast side of the Juneau Icefield, and its north slopes feed Tulsequah Lake and the Tulsequah Glacier. Its south slope forms the head of the picturesquely-named "Hades Highway", which is the eastern extremity of the Icefield.</p><br>
<p>To illustrate the steepness of the peak: the north face drops 7,000 feet (2133 m) in approximately three miles (4.8 km), and the southeast side drops 8,000 feet (2438 m) in about seven miles (11.3 km).</p><br>
<p>__TOC__</p><br>
<p>The Stikine Icecap  is a large icefield straddled on the Alaska&ndash;British Columbia boundary in the Alaska Panhandle region. It lies in the Boundary Ranges of the Coast Mountains. Within the United States, most of it is under the administration of the Tongass National Forest and is part of the Stikine-LeConte Wilderness within the national forest.</p><br>
<p>An extremely large icefield, the icecap is a primary source for both the Taku River, which forms its northern boundary, and the Taku&#39;s southern tributaries, and also the Stikine River and its lower western tributaries, notably the Chutine, which form its southern and southwestern boundary, respectively. The Stikine Icecap is the parent icefield of the LeConte and Sawyer Glaciers on its US side, and the Great Glacier on its Canadian side. Also on the Canadian side and entering the lower Stikine, like the Great Glacier, are the Mud and Flood Glaciers, which form the boundaries of the small Boundary Range, which is an eastern abutment of the range comprising the Stikine Icecap and marks the approximate boundary claimed by the United States prior to the Alaska Boundary Settlement of 1903.</p><br>
<p>The Stikine Icecap area is also renowned for its technically demanding and dangerous peaks and spires of granite that have garnered comparisons as North Americas version of Patagonia. Peaks of particular renown include Devils Thumb, Witches Tits, Cats Ears, and the Burkett Needle.</p><br>
<p>Most expeditions into the region usually depart from Petersburg, Alaska.</p><br>
<h2>Cited references</h2><br>
<p>The Davidson Glacier is a large valley glacier near Haines, Alaska that finds its source in the Chilkat Range.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Davidson Glacier was originally discovered by 1867 and was recounted by John Muir in his famous travels in and around Glacier Bay in 1879. The glacier was, at that time, a glacier that nearly reached tidewater. It has since receded into the mountains and created its very own glacial lake in the glacier&#39;s moraine (similar to the Mendenhall Glacier and lake) about one mile inland from the Chilkat Inlet.</p><br>
<h2>Current status</h2><br>
<p>Currently, the Davidson Glacier serves as a tourist attraction for Haines. While not actually located on the Chilkat Peninsula, tour operators boat or kayak tourists over to the glacier and then drive or hike them from the shore to the glacier on a road constructed for tourists&#39; use.</p><br>
<p>Snake Island is a lake island located in Lake Simcoe, Ontario, Canada. After the War of 1812, these islands, along with Fox Island and Georgina Island were purchased by Chief Joseph Snake  from the British. It is unclear if the islands were named after him.</p><br>
<p>Like Georgina Island and Fox Island, Snake Island is inhabited by band members with homes located along the shores of the island. There are no roads and old dirt trails connecting the residents. The only means to reach the island is by private boats to docks in front of the homes. Winter travel is by fan boats only. The interior of the island is covered by trees.</p><br>
<p>From the 1940s until at least the mid-1960s, a girls&#39; camp, Camp Centennial, occupied a large piece of property facing the mainland village of Island Grove. Vern and Marion Hickingbottom purchased the camp in the early 1950s from the founding owners, named Henderson, who remained in a cottage next to the camp for many years. Local first nations people from the Porte, Bigcanoe and McCue families worked at the camp and operated a popular tuck shop on the island; many participated in the annual Snake Island Regatta.</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>Some homes on the island have been rented out as cottages during the summer months.</p><br>
<p>During the winter and when ice conditions permit, ice fishing is a popular activity. The commercial operators are based in Georgina, not from the island itself.</p><br>
<p>The Stadhuis  of Antwerp, Belgium, stands on the western side of Antwerps Grote Markt . Erected between 1561 and 1565 after designs made by Cornelis Floris de Vriendt and several other architects and artists, this Renaissance building incorporates both Flemish and Italian influences. The Stadhuis is inscribed on UNESCOs World Heritage List along with the belfries of Belgium and France.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the 16th century Antwerp became one of the busiest trading ports and most prosperous cities in Northern Europe. The municipal authorities wished to replace Antwerp&#39;s small medieval town hall with a more imposing structure befitting the prosperity of the great port city. Antwerp architect Domien de Waghemakere drafted a plan (c. 1540) for a new building in a style typical of the monumental Gothic town halls of Flanders and Brabant.</p><br>
<p>But the threat of war prevented any progress on the project. The building materials intended for the Stadhuis were instead used to shore up the city defenses. Not until about 1560 new plans were developed. In the meantime Gothic architecture had gone out of fashion. The new designs for the Stadhuis were in the new Renaissance style. Completed in 1565, the building lasted hardly a decade before being burnt to a shell in the Spanish Fury of 1576. It was restored three years later.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The low arcaded ground story is of rusticated stone, and at one time housed little shops. Above are two stories with Doric and Ionic columns separating large mullioned windows, and a fourth story forming an open gallery.</p><br>
<p>The richly ornamented central section, which rises above the eaves in diminishing stages, holds female statues representing Justice, Prudence, and the Virgin Mary, and bears the coats of arms of the Duchy of Brabant, the Spanish Habsburgs, and the Margraviate of Antwerp.</p><br>
<p>Renovations during the late 19th century by architects Pierre Bruno Bourla, Joseph Schadde and Pieter Jan August Dens drastically modified the interior. Much of the stately decoration dates from this period, as does a roof over what was once an open-air inner courtyard. A number of the leading Antwerp historical painters were invited to assist with the decorations. Henri Leys painted a series of murals depicting key events in Antwerp&#39;s history and portraits of former Belgian rulers for the Leys Hall.</p><br>
<h2>Influence abroad</h2><br>
<p>The Antwerp Stadhuis became an exemplar for the new renaissance style in architecture in the Netherlands and Northern Europe. The Stadhuis of Vlissingen and of The Hague in the Netherlands and the design of the Rathaus of Emden and the portico of the Cologne Rathaus (1557) in Germany and the Green Gate (designed by Regnier or Reiner of Amsterdam) in Gdańsk, Poland were inspired by this new style.</p><br>
<p>The Yachats River is a short river on the central Oregon coast, about 60 mi west-north-west of Eugene. The name is the native name meaning at the foot of the mountain.</p><br>
<p>The river begins about 12 mi east-south-east of Yachats, Oregon, in steep, thick forest, a half mile north of Klickitat Mountain and flows northward about three miles (5 km), joins Grass Creek then about 0.4 mi later joins with School Fork and turns westward. Keller Creek and Stump Creek join after about a mile (1.6 km) of meandering, followed after a half mile (800 m) by Neiglick Creek at river mile 10 (river kilometer 16). The river bed widens significantly and levels out to become very slow moving and turns northward about a half mile, then westward at river mile 8 (river kilometer 13). It meanders westward the rest of the way to the ocean. The sand and stone beach at the river bar is normally very shallow, which allows the tide to change the length of the river as much as a mile.</p><br>
<p>Named tributaries from source to mouth are Grass Creek, School Fork, then Keller, Stump, and Neiglick creeks followed by the North Fork Yachats River. Below that come Axtell, Helms, Werner, Bend, Clear, Carlson, Dawson, Beamer, South Beamer, Marks, Reedy, and Salmon creeks.</p><br>
<p>The Exchange is a Grade I listed building built in 1741–43 by John Wood the Elder, on Corn Street, near the junction with Broad Street in Bristol, England. It was previously used as a corn and general trade exchange but is now used as offices and St Nicholas Market.</p><br>
<p>The Exchange underwent major building work in 1872, including roofing over the courtyard, and again in the early 1900s when the City Valuer&#39;s Department moved to the building. Since World War II the external clock tower has been removed and the roof lowered.</p><br>
<p>Outside the building are four bronze tables dating from the 16th and 17th centuries, known as "nails," at which merchants carried out their business. At the front of the building is a clock showing both Greenwich Mean Time and "local time".</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Exchange was built in 1741–43 by John Wood the Elder, with carvings by Thomas Paty. Wood was also the architect of the Liverpool Exchange, which was completed in 1754 and gutted by fire in 1795. The London Exchange of Woods day was also destroyed by fire in 1838. Bristols Exchange is therefore unique, the only surviving 18th-century exchange building in England.</p><br>
<p>When finished in 1743 the Exchange, as planned, had "the outward appearance of one grand structure,” and the much-admired exterior remains today largely as built. The front of the building has Corinthian columns in the centre and pilasters to the sides. A central semicircular-arched doorway has cast-iron lion-head knockers. A frieze with human and animal heads symbolises trade, and a Royal Coat of Arms is displayed in the tympanum. The rear of the building is symmetrical with pedimented windows and semicircular ground-floor arches.</p><br>
<p>Internally, however, it consisted of various spaces. On either side of the front entrance in Corn Street were a coffeehouse and tavern, each of four storeys. Above and below the main entrance were rooms designed as strongrooms. In the centre of the Exchange was an open court, surrounded by a colonnade. At the back of the building was a two-storey range, consisting of an arcade on the ground floor and a long first-floor room. Facing All Saints Lane were two four-storey houses for business or trades persons, and on the frontage to Exchange Avenue were a further three houses. Below these various elements were cellars. Those below the five houses were each separate; the others were mostly interconnected.</p><br>
<p>In 1872 a major programme of building works was undertaken to a design by Edward Middleton Barry. This provided a roof over the central court of the Exchange and a new suite of offices on the first floor above the colonnades around the court. Other internal alterations appear to have been made in the late 19th century, possibly also by Barry in 1872. This is uncertain as Barrys plans are yet to be found. Further extensive alterations were made in the 1900s when the City Valuers Department moved to the Exchange in 1907. These included the provision of a lift from the basement and cellars to the first floor and major alterations to the cellars under the central part of the Exchange. Since 1945 further alterations have included the replacement of the roof over the central court by a temporary roof at a lower level, the removal of the clock tower at the back of the building and the internal rebuilding of all four floors of the coffeehouse together with the corresponding floors over the main entrance.</p><br>
<p>Despite its name it was intended for merchants of all types, and a number directly involved in the Guinea and West Indian slave trade used it for business transactions. Inside the Corn Exchange the plasterwork in the main hall represents the four corners of the world, including Africa and America, the latter wearing a headdress of tobacco leaves. On the outside of the building are carvings of African, American, Asian and European figures and animals, again symbols of Bristol&#39;s foreign trade including the Bristol slave trade.</p><br>
<p>During the mid- to late 1960s the Exchange was a popular concert venue. British Beat groups including The Rolling Stones,The Yardbirds,Cream,The Pretty Things and Spencer Davis all played several times in the main hall. A regular Tuesday night club called The Bristol Chinese RnB and Jazz Club was also established which attracted American Blues singers including John Lee Hooker, Sonny Boy Williamson and Little Walter.</p><br>
<p>Today the Exchange is designated as a Grade I listed building. Always owned by the City of Bristol, the building has served a variety of purposes, currently housing offices of both the former City Valuer&#39;s Department, Market Traders and the Joint Trade Unions Safety Office</p><br>
<h2>Nails</h2><br>
<p>Four bronze tables are located outside The Exchange on Corn Street, probably modelled after mobile tables which were taken to trade fairs and markets. Before the Corn Exchange was built in the 18th century, the tables—called nails—were located in the Tolzey Walk. This covered area was along the south wall of All Saints Church, which remains as a narrow lane giving access to commercial premises.</p><br>
<p>The bronze nails, with their flat tops and raised edges which prevent coins from tumbling onto the pavement, were made as convenient tables at which merchants could carry out their business. The oldest pillar is undated, but experts say it is late Elizabethan. The second oldest was given by Bristol merchant Robert Kitchen, who died in 1594. The two remaining nails are dated 1625 and 1631.</p><br>
<p>The four nails were made at different times, and this is reflected in their varying designs. One of the nails bears the name John Barker on its rim. Barker was a wealthy merchant who owned houses and storehouses on the Quay, in Wine Street and in Small Street. He was mayor during the reign of Charles I and represented Bristol in the 1623 Parliament.</p><br>
<p>Deals could be closed by payment on the nails—the popularly supposed origin of the saying "pay on the nail" or "cash on the nail". However, this origin of the term is disputed.</p><br>
<h2>Clock</h2><br>
<p>The clock was first installed in 1822. A second minute hand was later added to show the time in London as well as the local time in Bristol; the red minute hand shows Greenwich Mean Time and the black minute hand shows Bristol time. This became necessary following the arrival of the railways, which required a standardised time for timetabling around the country, known as railway time; Bristol officially adopted railway time on 14 September 1852. The city is 2º 35&#39; west of Greenwich, so when it is noon in Bristol by old local time, it is just after 12:10 p.m. in London by standard time.</p><br>
<p>The Vinton Building is a residential high-rise located at 600 Woodward Avenue  in Downtown Detroit, Michigan. It stands next to the First National Building, across Woodward Avenue from Chase Tower  and the Guardian Building, and across Congress Street from One Detroit Center. It was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1982 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The building, designed by Albert Kahn and completed in 1917, stands 12 stories tall, 172 ft. (52 m), with 2 basement levels for a total of 14 floors. Its primary uses are for offices and retail. The building was constructed in the neo-classical architectural style, and contains mainly terra cotta as its main material. It features a peaked parapet wall on the front façade, reminiscent of classical temples.</p><br>
<h2>Renovation</h2><br>
<p>The Vinton underwent a reconstruction in 2006, turning the building into a loft building. The renovation included commercial space on the first two floors, and one loft on each of the additional ten floors. The renovation began in December 2005, and included a conversion of the basement into a parking level, ground floor retail, second floor commercial space, with the top ten floors being converted into multiple condominium units, one or two per floor. As of 2010, renovation has stalled and the building has yet to open.</p><br>
<p>Architect: Albert Kahn</p><br>
<p>Architect (renovation): Archive D.S.</p><br>
<p>Owner: Vinton Building, LLC</p><br>
<p>General Contractor (renovation): The Garrison Company</p><br>
<p>Dan Gilbert, owner of dozens of Downtown Detroit properties, purchased the building in 2013.</p><br>
<p>Binnein an Fhidhleir, one of the Arrochar Alps, is a mountain in southern Scotland. It is located above Butterbridge on the north side the A83 road facing Beinn an Lochain to the south. The mountain has several tops, including Creag Bhrosgan ; Stob Coire Creagach, which replaced Binnein an Fhidhleir as the Marilyn in April 2006 at 817 m; one without any name at all at 748 metre; and Binnein an Fhidhleir itself, further to the west, at 811 m. Although Stob Coire Creagach is the highest summit, the name Binnein an Fhidhleir is generally used for the whole mountain.</p><br>
<p>The shortest route of ascent is directly up the hillside above Butterbridge, where there is a carpark. A number of small crags must be avoided, and the route is steep and unrelenting. Alternatively, the hill may be ascended from further up Glen Kinglas by way of Binnein an Fhidhleir&#39;s northern ridge: although longer this route is considerably less steep.</p><br>
<p>Town Residences, formerly the Town Apartments, is a high-rise apartment building located at 1511 First Street  in Downtown Detroit, Michigan. Originally designed by Wirt C. Rowland, the structure was built in two distinct phases: construction started in 1928 but was soon halted by the Great Depression, and the building was left open to the elements for two decades before being finally completed in 1953. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building was originally constructed to serve as the clubhouse for the Detroit chapter of the National Town and Country Club. The private organization—which changed its name to Pontchartrain Club in the late 1920s—commissioned architect Wirt C. Rowland of Smith, Hinchman & Grylls (himself a member of the Club) to design the structure, envisioned to include public spaces, athletic facilities, and rooms for overnight stays. Construction began in September 1928, but came abruptly to an end with the advent of the Great Depression: the Pontchartrain Club closed down and the building was left unfinished, with only the exterior walls and roof completed.</p><br>
<p>The structure sat vacant and open to the elements—no windows had been installed—for more than twenty years. In the early 1950s it was bought by Cleveland investors and converted into apartments: construction began in 1951 and lasted until 1953, when the utterly remodeled building finally opened under the name Town Apartments.</p><br>
<p>In September 2014, Triton Investment Co. announced its purchase of the building. Triton had previously acquired Alden Park Towers along East Jefferson. The $5 million, 18-month renovation, completed in spring 2016, included the installation of new heating and cooling systems, updated windows, and new kitchens and flooring in the residences. Other upgrades included an on-site laundry room, bicycle storage, a community room and fitness center. The building was renamed Town Residences.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The building stands at 16 floors (including the basement floor and central tower), to a total height of 59 m. The lower portion of the structure (floors one through eight) is approximately rectangular in plan while the upper floors feature a U-shaped footprint, with a recessed central section flanked by four-story wings and surmounted by an elaborate two-story tower. The building is constructed of concrete and steel, and faced with tan brick, Mankato stone, and granite.</p><br>
<p>Although the façades of the building were originally designed in the Art Deco architectural style, the exterior was heavily remodeled between 1951 and 1953 to reflect the new International Style aesthetic. Much of the elaborate stone decoration was removed, and the tall and narrow windows were replaced with wider openings; original features survive on the upper floors, most notably on the central tower. The 1953 lobby, later altered, still retains two sets of original fluted columns.</p><br>
<p>Middle Brewster Island is a rugged outer island in the Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area, located 9 mi offshore from downtown Boston. The island has a permanent size of 13 acre, reaches a height of 52 ft above sea level, and is bounded by sharp cliffs and sunken crags. It has only sparse vegetation and serves primarily as a nesting site for gulls and cormorants. The birds are aggressive during their nesting season and access by humans is discouraged during this period. Access is difficult due to the lack of beaches and inlets, and is only accessible by private boat.</p><br>
<p>Like the neighboring islands of Great Brewster, Little Brewster and Outer Brewster, Middle Brewster Island is named after William Brewster, the first preacher and teacher for the Plymouth Colony. During the 18th century the island hosted a fisherman&#39;s colony, and was used as a summer retreat by some Boston residents during the 19th century. Remains of the homes remain, including fireplaces, stone walls, and an arch that once supported a bell.</p><br>
<p>Haycock is a mountain in the western part of the English Lake District. It rises between Scoat Fell and Caw Fell to the south of Ennerdale and the north of Wasdale. Haycock is an imposing dome-shaped fell, its popularity with walkers diminished somewhat by its remoteness. It can be climbed from either valley and offers fine mountain views.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>The Western Fells occupy a triangular sector of the Lake District, bordered by the River Cocker to the north-east and Wasdale to the south-east. Westwards the hills diminish toward the coastal plain of Cumberland. At the central hub of the high country are Great Gable and its satellites, while two principal ridges fan out on either flank of Ennerdale, the western fells in effect being a great horseshoe around this long wild valley. Haycock stands on the southern arm.</p><br>
<p>The main watershed runs broadly westwards from Great Gable, dividing the headwaters of Ennerdale and Wasdale. Travelling in this direction the major hills are Kirk Fell, Pillar, Scoat Fell, Haycock and Caw Fell. Haycock sends out a southern ridge to the neighbouring Seatallan.</p><br>
<p>The northern slopes of Haycock fall over crags into Great Cove, the birthplace of Deep Gill. This flows down through a belt of forestry into Ennerdale, just above the head of the lake. Great Cove is enclosed in the east by Tewit How, a rocky spur of neighbouring Scoat Fell. A similar spur closes in the other side, descending unnamed from Haycock. North-west of the summit, on the ridge continuing to Caw Fell, is Little Gowder Crag. This subsidiary top, listed as a Nuttall, has its rock face to the north of the ridge, appearing as a prominent knuckle in views from that side.</p><br>
<p>Haycocks southern flanks are bisected by the ridge to Seatallan and Middle Fell. This begins steeply over Gowder Crag and then broadens over High Pikehow before finally reaching the depression at Pots of Ashness (1,640 ft / 500 m.). To the west is the head of the River Bleng, Haycocks daughter stream. This flows south-west for some miles, remote from habitation. Finally it joins the River Irt and enters the sea at Ravenglass. On the opposite side of the south ridge is the valley of Nether Beck, making straight for Wast Water.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The summit area exhibits the plagioclase-phyric andesite lavas of the Birker Fell Formation. To the north are the siltstone, sandstone and tuff of the Eagle Crag Member, both containing andesite sills. Around High Pikehow are areas of Seatallan dacite.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>A wall, the Ennerdale Fence, runs along the watershed, crossing the top of the fell. There is a cairn on either side, that to the north being regarded as the nominal summit. The whole area is stony. Another cairn marks a viewpoint to the south.</p><br>
<p>The view is good for a fell so removed from the centre of the District. The Scafells are seen in profile, with Helvellyn and Skiddaw in the distance. Ennerdale Water is in view from the summit and Wast Water from the southern cairn.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>From Ennerdale the natural line follows the unnamed spur to the west of Deep Gill, footpaths having been created through the forestry. A longer route follows the opposing spur of Tewit How, turning right when the col is reached. Netherbeck Bridge provides access from the shore of Wast Water, following the stream around the base of Middle Fell. Once Ladcrag Beck is reached, a more direct line can be taken up Haycock. From below the lake, the valley of Greendale Beck provides another alternative. Haycock may also be ascended indirectly, having first climbed Seatallan, Middle Fell or Scoat Fell.</p><br>
<p>The City of Hawkinsville was a paddle steamer constructed in Georgia in 1886. Sold in 1900 to a Tampa, Florida company, it delivered cargo and lumber along the Suwannee River. Eventually rendered obsolete by the advent of railroads in the region, it was abandoned in the middle of the Suwannee in 1922.</p><br>
<p>It became the third Florida Underwater Archaeological Preserve when it opened to the public in 1992. This was followed on May 31, 2001 by its addition to the USA National Register of Historic Places as City of Hawkinsville (shipwreck). It is located in Dixie County, 100 yards south of the Old Town railroad trestle (which is part of the Nature Coast State Trail).</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Georgia</h3><br>
<p>In 1886, the Hawkinsville (Georgia) Deepwater Boat Lines had the wooden-hulled City of Hawkinsville built for them in Abbeville, Georgia.</p><br>
<p>After 14 years of service, they sold it to the Gulf Transportation Company of Tampa.</p><br>
<h3>Florida</h3><br>
<p>The largest (141 feet long by 30 feet wide) steamboat stationed on the Suwannee, The City of Hawkinsville transported lumber and supplies from Branford to Cedar Key for the next two decades. Some of the supplies would include construction materials for the railroads that would end the need for the steamboat itself.</p><br>
<p>In 1922, the steamboat was abandoned in the Suwanee near what is now the railroad trestle built across the river, reducing the need for a boat to cross the river at that point. It still resides at this location, preserved as one of the Florida Underwater Archaeological Preserves.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>The wreck of the steamboat has become part of the rivers ecosystem, and was added to the Florida Underwater Archaeological Preserve system in 1992. Most of it is remarkably intact, and rests on a ledge in the middle of the Suwannee, able to be seen from the rivers surface. However, diving is only allowed for those with advanced open water certification, and venturing within the wreck itself is not permitted.</p><br>
<h2>Admission and hours</h2><br>
<p>There is no entrance fee to view the City of Hawkinsville above or below the water, and it is open year-round</p><br>
<p>Sperry Glacier is located in Glacier National Park in the USA state of Montana. This glacier is situated on the north slopes of Gunsight Mountain, west of the Continental Divide. Although many geologic features of Glacier National Park were formed during the much longer period of glaciation ending over 10,000 years ago, Sperry Glacier — like all the glaciers in the park today — is a product of the recent Little Ice Age, the period of cooler average temperatures starting in about the 13th century and concluding in the mid-19th century.</p><br>
<p>Once one of the largest glaciers in the park, the surface area of Sperry Glacier has retreated 75 percent since the mid-19th century. 2005 measurements of the surface area of the glacier resulted in an estimated area of 216 acre, whereby the glacier is estimated to have covered an area of 930 acre at the end of the Little Ice Age in the mid-19th century. The glacier lost almost 35 percent of its surface area between 1966 and 2005. The glacier is named for Lyman B. Sperry, a professor from Oberlin College, who in 1895 participated in an expedition to explore the geography and map the region where the glacier is located. Like all other glaciers in the park, Sperry has significantly retreated, though it leaves many minor glacial features, including large moraines and streams and lakes colored a milky aqua from glacial flour. Unlike the more famous Grinnell Glacier, Sperry Glacier is high above the lakes it feeds, so no icebergs form.</p><br>
<h2>Visiting the Glacier</h2><br>
<p>Hikers often spend the night at Sperry Chalet or its neighboring campground before undertaking the hike to Sperry Glacier. Although it is only 7 mi round-trip from Sperry Chalet to Sperry Glacier, the trail is quite steep, rising 1,600 ft in just 2.5 mi. Invisible from the rocky slopes below, a series of glacial cirques with streams, waterfalls and lakes reflecting snow fields and mountain peaks leads to a steep and narrow stone staircase cut into the stone ridge of Comeau Pass. The view from the top of the steps is panoramic, encompassing Mount Brown, Edwards Mountain, and Little Matterhorn.</p><br>
<p>Reaching the glacier itself involves crossing a wide rock scrabble, snow fields, and the technically challenging glacial moraine. Following the rock cairns and other trail markers will ensure the best footing and easiest routes. Ranger-led hikes are available, starting at the chalet.</p><br>
<p>For the more adventurous hiker, the glacier and the surrounding area known as Floral Park can be reached via a long day hike starting from Logan Pass. The route takes the hiker along the entire western edge of Hidden Lake before climbing upward along Bearhat Mountain and crossing the westernmost tip of the Dragon&#39;s Tail. From there, the route descends into Floral Park, and after a careful traverse across the bottom of the glacier, the hiker can exit the area via Comeau Pass and can descend down to the Going-to-the-Sun Road near Lake McDonald. The route is in the vicinity of 20 mi and is quite strenuous.</p><br>
<p>Fort Griffin, now a Texas State Historic Site, was a US Cavalry fort established 31 July 1867 by four companies of the Sixth Cavalry, USA Army under the command of Lt. Col. S.D. Sturgis, in the northern part of West Texas, specifically northwestern Shackelford County, to give settlers protection from early Comanche and Kiowa raids. Originally called Camp Wilson after Henry Hamilton Wilson, a recently deceased lieutenant, it was later named for Charles Griffin, a former Civil War Union general who had commanded, as de facto military governor, the Department of Texas during the early years of Reconstruction.</p><br>
<p>Other forts in the southwestern frontier fort system were, Richardson, Concho, Belknap, Chadbourne, Stockton, Davis, Bliss, McKavett, Clark, McIntosh, Inge, and Phantom Hill in Texas, and Fort Sill in Oklahoma. There were "sub posts or intermediate stations" including Bothwick&#39;s Station on Salt Creek between Fort Richardson and Fort Belknap, Camp Wichita, near Buffalo Springs between Fort Richardson and Red River Station, and Mountain Pass between Fort Concho and Fort Griffin.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The original intent was to build permanent stone buildings, but throughout its 14-year existence, the fort retained a temporary appearance. Log houses called “picket” huts, tents, and rough frame structures were constructed as temporary shelter. The scarcity of materials, shortage of funds, and daily demands of military duty allowed for only six of the more than 90 buildings of the fort to be built completely of stone.</p><br>
<p>Although considerable time was spent building and maintaining the fort, the majority of the time was spent defending and patrolling the frontier. Capt. Adna Chaffee fought the Comanche in a successful engagement in March 1868. Companies F, I, K, and L of the Sixth Cavalry were augmented when Lt. Col. S.B. Hayman&#39;s 17th Infantry arrived on 3 June 1868.</p><br>
<p>The fort served as a starting point for many expeditions headed westward, and for a time, it had a substantial settled community that built up around it, catering to passing wagon trains and military personnel who sought saloons for entertainment during their free or off-duty hours. It is northeast of Abilene (established after 1880), the seat of Taylor County.</p><br>
<p>By 1870, a very rough town called "The Flat" sprang up just north of Fort Griffin, which eventually became a stop-off point for cattle drives headed north to Dodge City, Kansas. During that time, several notable characters and gunfighters of the Old West drifted through, including Wyatt Earp, Doc Holliday, Dave Rudabaugh, and the brothers Bat and Jim Masterson. John Selman, who eventually became known for killing outlaw John Wesley Hardin, worked there and in surrounding counties as a deputy sheriff.</p><br>
<p>General William Tecumseh Sherman and Inspector General Randolph B. Marcy visited the fort on 15 May 1871.</p><br>
<p>Following the Red River War of 1874, the Comanche and Kiowa threat on the prairies waned, and rapid settlement by ranchers and farmer put Fort Griffin squarely in the settled area. Capt. j.B. Irvine, commanding Company A, Twenty-Second Infantry lowered the flag for the last time and marched to Fort Clark on 31 May 1879.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>On January 1, 2008, Fort Griffin was transferred from the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department to the Texas Historical Commission.</p><br>
<p>During the last two weekends of June, the Fort Griffin Fandangle, a Western musical production, is presented by residents of Albany in the Prairie Theater. The program, the content of which is changed each year, began in 1938 and is billed as "Texas&#39; Oldest Outdoor Musical". In addition, a portion of the official state herd of Texas Longhorns is maintained at Fort Griffin.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen climate classification system, Fort Griffin has a humid subtropical climate, Cfa on climate maps.</p><br>
<p>Brooklyn Borough Hall was designed by architects Calvin Pollard and Gamaliel King in the Greek Revival style, and constructed of Tuckahoe marble under the supervision of superintendent Stephen Haynes. It was completed in 1848 to be used as the City Hall of the former City of Brooklyn. In January 1898 the independent City of Brooklyn merged with the City of New York, and Kings County became the Borough of Brooklyn, at which time the building became Brooklyn Borough Hall.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1834, the year Brooklyn was granted its city charter, the land for Brooklyns city hall was donated by the Remsen and Pierrepont families, whose names are commemorated in the names of Brooklyns Remsen and Pierrepont Streets. The following year, New York architect Calvin Pollard won the commission to design the building in a contest held by the city. The foundations were dug and the cornerstone laid for this structure in 1836. Unfortunately, financial hardship halted construction entirely.</p><br>
<p>When funds again became available in 1845 construction resumed, this time of a structure designed by Gamaliel King, who had come in second to Pollard in the city&#39;s design competition, with instructions from the city that the new building must fit inside the already laid foundation. Construction was completed in 1848.</p><br>
<p>On February 26, 1895, waste paper caught fire and destroyed the cupola and the statue of Justice that stood atop it, as well as the top floors of the building; water damage ruined the walls and ceiling of the Common Council chamber. Three years later, a new Victorian cast-iron cupola was built, designed by Vincent C. Griffith and the firm of Stoughton and Stoughton, on which was placed a flag. In 1898, the city of Brooklyn was consolidated into the five boroughs of New York City, and this building ceased being "City Hall" and became "Borough Hall". In 1902, the Common Council room was demolished to build a new courtroom, designed in the Beaux-Arts style by Brooklyn architect Axel Hedman.</p><br>
<p>In the 1930s, proposals began to circulate about knocking down Borough Hall, based on the arguments that it no longer performed any government function, that its architecture wasnt particularly notable, and that it was a monument to an extremely brief era in Brooklyns history. While numerous proposals were put forth, the building survived. In 1966, the building was finally designated a landmark by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 10, 1980. In the 1980s, the building underwent a massive renovation under the supervision of Conklin & Rossant. The original copper shingling on the cupola was restored by Les metalliers Champenois, the same metalworks involved in the restoration of the Statue of Liberty, and the flag on the cupola was replaced by a new figure of Lady Justice. The renovation was completed in 1989.</p><br>
<p>The Kings County Courthouse was built in 1868, turning this area &ndash; now known as Downtown Brooklyn &ndash; into a government center and busy area of commerce. In the 1940s, the Kings County Courthouse and other nearby buildings to the north were replaced by a complex of courthouses and a plaza in front of Borough Hall. A mall connects the building to Cadman Plaza Park.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The sign from the opening credits of Welcome Back, Kotter that read "Welcome to Brooklyn, 4th largest city in America, Hon. Sebastian Leone Borough President" currently hangs in the lobby of Borough Hall.</p><br>
<p>City Hall  has been the seat of local government in Bristol, England since 1956 . It is situated on College Green, opposite the Cathedral and at the foot of Park Street in Bristol city centre. Throughout its history it has been home to Bristol City Council.</p><br>
<p>It was designed in the 1930s but built after World War II. The architect was Vincent Harris.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>City Hall is a grade II* listed building. The concrete frame is clad with very wide, thin bricks, with Portland stone dressings and a leaded hipped roof in a Neo-Georgian style. The steep and high roof with gilded unicorns to the corners of the end blocks.</p><br>
<p>The foundation stone for the Council House was laid in 1938 and the building was opened by The Queen in 1956. The ceremonial entrance overlooks the moat and leads into the reception hall which is lined with local Doulting stone and paved with black and white Italian marble. It also features a blue and gold wall clock, encircled by the signs of the zodiac and equipped with its own wind indicator. The Conference Hall is the largest room in the building. The names of all Mayors and Lord Mayors of Bristol since 1216 are cut into the stone walls. The walls of the Lord Mayor&#39;s Reception Room are panelled in English Walnut and there is a colourful frieze displaying the heraldry of the Bristol trade guilds, and, in gold leaf, the names of famous Bristolians.</p><br>
<p>The building was formerly known as the Council House, but was renamed by George Ferguson, CBE, the Mayor of Bristol, on his first day in office to City Hall, on 19 November 2012.</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>The ceiling of the council chamber was designed by John Armstrong (1893–1973) and depicts buildings in Bristol at the edge and the centre details sailing ships from different periods of Bristol History. The four corners show the allegorical figures of Enterprise, Wisdom, Industry and Navigation. The ceiling in the Conference Room is by Sir Walter Thomas Monnington (1902–1976) on the theme of molecular and atomic fusion.</p><br>
<p>In 2005, a bust of Tony Benn, the famous Labour Party politician and the Member of Parliament for the former Bristol South East constituency from 1950 to 1960, and again from 1963 to 1983, was unveiled by the man himself in the building&#39;s foyer.</p><br>
<h2>Environmental aspects</h2><br>
<p>Refurbishment of the electrical and heating systems have incorporated the use of rainwater recycling for flushing toilets and an air-conditioning system that will discharge excess heat into the surrounding water filled moat rather than expelling it into the atmosphere.</p><br>
<h2>Popular culture</h2><br>
<p>One of the building&#39;s gilded unicorns appears in the opening credits of the first and fifth series of popular television show, Skins.</p><br>
<p>One of the unicorns also features in a hologram on the latest edition of the £B10 banknote of the Bristol Pound.</p><br>
<p>Deer Island is a peninsula in Boston, Massachusetts. Since 1996, it has been part of the Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area. Although still an island by name, Deer Island has been connected to the mainland since the former Shirley Gut channel, which once separated the island from the town of Winthrop, was filled in by the 1938 New England hurricane. Today, Deer Island is the location of the Deer Island Waste Water Treatment Plant, whose 150 ft egg-like sludge digesters are major harbor landmarks.</p><br>
<p>The island has a permanent size of 185 acre, plus an intertidal zone of a further 80 acre. Two-thirds of the island&#39;s area is taken up with the waste water plant, which treats sewage from 43 nearby cities and towns and is the second largest such plant in the United States. The remainder of the island is park land surrounding the treatment plant, and offers walking, jogging, sightseeing, picnicking, and fishing.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It was once leased to Sir Thomas Temple (1614&ndash;1674), a British proprietor and governor of Nova Scotia, and said to be a descendent of the renowned Lady Godiva of Coventry although this descent was debunked by E. A. Freeman in the 19th century. Sir Thomas Temple was also the uncle of John Nelson (1654–1734), a New England trader and statesman, who owned neighboring Long Island in Boston Harbor which at one time was also known as "Nelson&#39;s Island."</p><br>
<p>Over the years, Deer Island has had several different uses. During King Philips War (also known as Metacomets War) in the 1670s, it was used as a place of internment. Christian "Praying Indians" were moved from Marlborough and Natick in spite of the efforts of John Eliot, the minister of Roxbury, to prevent it. Most went to Deer Island, but at least one colony was sent to Long Island. Additionally, a group of nine Praying Indian women and their six children were sent to Great Brewster Island because they did not wish to join their husbands on Deer Island.</p><br>
<p>During the winter of 1675&ndash;76 between 500 and 1,100 American Indians were held on the island and, without adequate food or shelter and because of exposure to harsh winter weather, many died.</p><br>
<h2>19th-20th century</h2><br>
<p>In the middle of the 19th century, the island was the landing point for thousands of refugees from the Irish Potato Famine, many sick and poverty-stricken. In 1847, a hospital was established to treat incoming immigrants, and during the following two years approximately 4,800 men, women, and children were admitted. Many recovered and went on to new lives, but more than 800 died. In 1850, an almshouse was built to house paupers. Opened in 1853, It was administered by the City of Boston.</p><br>
<p>In 1896 the almshouse facility became one of the short-term prisons for Suffolk County. The Deer Island House of Correction existed until 1991, when the prisoners were permanently transferred to the South Bay House of Correction. The Deer Island prison is mentioned in Sylvia Plath&#39;s poem "Point Shirley."</p><br>
<p>In his book A Short History of Nearly Everything, Bill Bryson mentions an experiment done at the military prison on Deer Island. Following the August 1918 flu pandemic, in an attempt to develop a vaccine, 62 volunteers were selected from 300 prisoners. These men were promised pardons if they survived a set of tests. None of the volunteers fell sick, but the ward doctor contracted the disease and died. It is possible that the prisoners became immunized due to exposure to the virus during the weeks preceding the trial, experiencing few symptoms or none at all. The doctor in charge of the experiment, Joseph Goldberger, published a report on the experiment in 1921. His report mentions the volunteers coming from a naval facility on Deer Island but nothing regarding prisoners or pardoning of sentences. Two separate entities existed on Deer Island for naval facilities and correctional facilities: Fort Dawes and the House of Correction. Goldberger&#39;s final report mentions two experiments on Deer Island at different times (November to December 1918 and February to March 1919) as well as a third in San Francisco (November to December 1918).</p><br>
<p>The first sewage treatment plant was constructed on Deer Island in the late 19th century and expanded in the 1960s. The current plant dates from the 1990s. Deer Island has been connected to the mainland since the New England Hurricane of 1938.</p><br>
<p>A lighthouse was erected just offshore from the island in 1890; it was replaced by a modern-style tower in 1984.</p><br>
<h2>Modern recreational uses</h2><br>
<p>Deer Island is a popular recreation destination. A hiking/biking trail encircles the island, which is reachable via car, bus, or sea. A public boat dock is at the southwest corner of the island. Trails also climb escarpments on the island, including the highest one near the water tower. This vantage point offers views of the city, ocean, and Logan International Airport and is a popular spot for planespotting. The southern tip of the island offers some of the best views from land of the Boston harbor islands.</p><br>
<h2>Incidents</h2><br>
<p>In June 2015, the body of an unknown toddler girl, later identified as Bella Bond, was found on the island. Due to the state of decomposition investigators were not immediately able to determine the age, gender or ethnicity of the body.</p><br>
<p>Culebra Peak is the highest summit of the Culebra Range of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains in the Rocky Mountains of North America. The prominent 14,053 ft fourteener is located on private land, 22.8 km east-southeast  of the Town of San Luis in Costilla County, Colorado, United States. Culebra Peak is the southernmost fourteener in the Rocky Mountains.</p><br>
<h2>Mountain</h2><br>
<p>Culebra Peak is one of the only fourteeners on private land. Access is limited, and a fee (currently $150 per person) is charged to climb the peak. Ownership of and access to the land, both for recreational and other activities, have been controversial issues for many years, involving multiple lawsuits and even occasional violence.</p><br>
<p>While Culebra is one of the lower fourteeners, it is actually the fourth most topographically prominent peak in the state, due to its separation from the other fourteeners by the relatively low La Veta Pass.</p><br>
<p>Mount Princeton is a high and prominent mountain summit of the Collegiate Peaks in the Sawatch Range of the Rocky Mountains of North America. The 14,197 ft fourteener is located in San Isabel National Forest, 12.6 km southwest  of the Town of Buena Vista in Chaffee County, Colorado, United States. The mountain was named in honor of Princeton University.</p><br>
<h2>Mountain</h2><br>
<p>While not one of the highest peaks of the Sawatch Range, Mount Princeton is one of the most dramatic, abruptly rising nearly 7,000 feet above the Arkansas River valley in only 6 miles.</p><br>
<p>The first recorded ascent was on July 17, 1877, at 12:30 pm by William Libbey of Princeton University. It is likely that various miners had climbed the peak earlier. The name Mount Princeton was in use as early as 1873, and the peak was most likely named by Henry Gannett, a Harvard graduate and chief topographer in a government survey led by George M. Wheeler.</p><br>
<h2>Historical names</h2><br>
<p>Chalk Peak</p><br>
<p>Mount Princeton – 1906</p><br>
<p>Princeton Mountain</p><br>
